Woman Studies
1
Womens Studies Film Analysis
75 possible points
Films: Choose one of the following films:
Trade
Iron Jawed Angels
The Joy Luck Club
Erin Brokovich
The Education of Shelby Knox
Born into Brothels
The Accused
North Country
The Burning Bed
Mona Lisa Smile
Affliction
Bastard Out of Carolina
Assignment:
View the film of your choice at least once. Make sure you take detailed notes of the characters, main events and any other important details. Review your film notes and the course materials from the semester, then choose at least 3 theories or main ideas that appear to be operating in the events or individuals depicted in the film (e.g., the feminist movement, liberal feminism, the fight for self-determination, pay inequity, patriarchy, rape culture, domestic violence, social construction of gender, social construction of sexuality, gender roles, racism, etc.). You then must include the following in your write up:
1. You should have a brief paragraph introducing the film you chose.
2. Next, you should have one paragraph for each theory or principle you believe is relevant to the film. You will need to describe your theory or principle, using the text and lecture notes to support and describe the principle/theory you are applying and then apply it to the film. For each principle or theory, you should have at least 3 examples from the film. Make sure you bold and underline your main principles and or theories.
3. You should also integrate and use other additional terms, concepts or data that are important to your main theory or principle and will help illustrate your point or explain the film or how a feminist lens/womens studies allows you to view the film differently.
4. Wrap up your paper with a conclusion paragraph.
5. You need to use proper citations both internally and with a works cited page (APA style preferred) and you need to pay attention to grammar, spelling and writing style. Your analysis should be analytical and well-written and be about 3-4 pages; double-spaced; 1-inch margins; 10-12-point font.
PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION TO
WOMENS STUDIES
Overview and Theory
WHAT WOMENS STUDIES IS NOT:
It is NOT male bashing
It is NOT exclusive
It is NOT for women only
Womens studies is about being inclusive, regardless
or your gender, race, socio-economic status,
religion, immigration status, sexuality, ability or
political position.
It attempts to shed light on how these different
statuses affect our lives on both the individual level
and historically, politically and economically
WOMENS STUDIES USES A MATRIX OF
OPPRESSION, PRIVLEGE AND
RESISTANCE
Oppression is systematic and is used by dominant
groups to exploit, rule and control (i.e. historically in
the United States it was legal for a man to beat his
wife and illegal for her to own property or divorce,
making it virtually impossible to gain independence
or escape abuse)
They are institutional and ideological (i.e. laws are
institutional such as the example above, ideological
are beliefs such as men are dominant and rational
while women are weak and submissive)
Direct, Indirect or Internalized Oppression
MATRIX OR INTERSECTION OF
OPPRESSION
Multiple levels of oppression that intersect (i.e. if you
are a woman you may experience sexual
harrassement but if you are an Asian woman you
may also experience racism)
Oppression and privileges (i.e. we also get
privileges from oppression although limited. An
example of this would be the ideal that men should
pay for dates could be a benefit to women but
think about all the expectations for how a woman
on a date is supposed to look and how much
money goes into that (hair, nails, clothes, makeup,
time) and a womans prospects if you dont do
these things
FEMINISM OR THE F WORD
What do you think of when you hear the word
feminist?
Come on, be honest here!
WHAT FEMINISM STANDS FOR
Many of you probably came up with words such as:
butch, lesbian, hairy, aggressive, ugly, etc.
Despite the negative connotations that have
successfully been projected by the media and
opposition to equality, feminism in the most basic
sense is about:
Women and girls self-determination, free from
discrimination
WHAT FEMINISM ALSO STANDS
FOR
Ideology about how men and women should be
must change (i.e. we should not ridicule boys who
cry or are effiminate but allow all humans to
reach their potential
Gender division of labor needs to change (i.e. a
man should not have to be suspect of being a child
molester because he wants to work in child care)
Violence against women must stop (we will discuss
this in depth later)
Women should have autonomous control over their
bodies, sexuality and reproduction (birth control
measures and not have to be subjected to the
sexual double standard)
FIRST WAVE FEMINISM: 1860-1960
Goals originally focused on abolition (ending slavery) and
granting women rights to inheritance, property, education
and legal rights.
Mainly consisted of suffragists, women fighting for the right to
vote in the U.S. It was hotly contested and the belief at the
time was women were not intellectually fit to vote, it was their
husbands duty to make voting decisions for them and that
women had no place in politics or the public world. Also,
since most laws prohibited women from owning property or
from basic rights, voting was seen as a direct threat on
patriarchy, however was couched in the womens proper
place being in the home.
Women were imprisoned, harassed, beaten, ridiculed and
scorned fighting for this basic civil right and in1920 with the
19th ammendment won the right to vote is not even 100 years
ago!
SECOND-WAVE FEMINISM:
1960S-1990S
The most visible, well-known and controversial womens movement
As women fought with others to gain civil rights for blacks and minorities, the
second-wave feminist movement emerged with women fighting for rights that
still were not granted in the constitution nor in society.
The basic premise was representation in government, access to health care
(including reproductive rights such as birth control pills), education (nearly all
elite institutions barred women from entry), access to jobs other than being
secretaries and teachers, the right to not have to quite or be fired from your job
if you were pregnant, general discrimination and to end the rampant, and
often legal, violence against women, in particular domestic violence (the first
sweeping national legislation against this did not occur in the Violence Against
Women Act was signed by President Clinton.
The movement also sought to make workplace conditions better, enact laws
regarding equal access to sports and the legal system, create laws against
sexual harrasement and institute education that included womens
experiences.
The feminist movement was heavily scrutinized in the media and politically, and
mischaracterized as trying to take over men and society rather than the truth,
of fighting for basic rights.
THIRD-WAVE FEMINISM:1990S-
PRESENT
As some of the basic goals of the 2nd wave womens were met, it was clear
that many womens voice were left out and did not involve the experience
of all women. It was criticized for being mainly white, middle class women
who often focused on only economic issues such as careers and politics.
The movement has focused on access to reproductive health that has
been chipped away at, mobilizing behind equal pay for equal work, access
to all jobs including top level executive positions, educational parity and
equity, issues like Title IX that was created in 1972 but was never enforced.
The 3rd wave also has looked at issues such as poverty, race, class and
sexuality and how they intersect to impact womens lives in particular ways.
Access to affordable child care, paid family leave, health care and
workplace discrimination.
Focusing on the rampant sexual and physical violence against women (and
may more things we will learn about in this class)!
The movement has been criticized for being no longer relevant everything
is equal, right? or as associated with radicals, in effect making the issues
seem fringe or unimportant.
MAIN STREAM FEMINIST THEORY
The theory looks at attempting to minimize our
perceptions of gender differences because a basic
argument historically (and even currently) has been
that sexism results from belief that men and women
are biologically different and hence not able to be
equal in terms of intellect and other areas and thus
institutional and social discrimination is innate and
normal.
The though is by minimizing stereotypes about men
and women laws and society need to change.
These theories tend to look at structural and
institutional changes (i.e. the fight for equality) and
look at patriarchy (father/male rule structures).
COMMON CRITIQUE OF THEORY
Ignores some of the inherent difference such as
reproductive capacity and in doing so may enact
laws that do not protect women when they are
pregnant, etc.
Ignores intersectionality (that race, class, gender,
ability, nationality and sexuality all change womens
experiences
Ignores that sexism and sexist ideals and beliefs about
men and women also hurt men (such as reducing
them down to solely economic earners and little
more)
Because women didnt build the institutions and laws
they are trying to change or adapt, access is difficult
but many of them work for the early 19th century but
not lives of women (and men) today.
INTERSECTIONAL AND
MULTICULTURAL FEMINISM
Looks at the idea that gender should be viewed
through the lens of how our lives intersect. In
particular how race, sexuality and class as
women of color have a different relationship to
white men and men of color than white women.
Women of color ignored in the womens
movement
Focus to fight racism and sexism
Not very contended or critiqued
SOCIALIST OR MARXIST FEMINISM
The belief that sexism is rooted in capitalism and
patriarchy.
Focuses on womens role and participation in the
global economy and the way to liberation.
Critique- It is considered a fringe theory and is
limited in focus on solely economics as root to
equality, ignoring cultural aspects of sexism and
misogyny.
RADICAL FEMINISM
Mainly focused on eradicating patriarchal
systems of domination and oppression.
Often focuses on alternative ways of living such
as women-centered communities.
CRITIQUE
This is the most critiqued of all theories and wrongly is most
tied to all feminists.
Critiques are that the theory often calls for separatist
ideals and identity politics. However, even this theory
does not focus on dominating men nor taking over
society and subjugating men to the discrimination
woman have faced and currently do.
Alienates most women and men
Has hurt the womens movement and feminism
How do you dismantle a patriarchy when it is embedded
in our customs (such as women changing their last names
and the use of Mrs. to denote a married women), culture
(that is infused with gender) and leadership systems.
TRANSNATIONAL FEMINISM OR
3RD WORLD FEMINISM
Argues feminism is not inclusive and you must
look at where you live in the world and the
context of womens lives.
Focuses on global womens issues, linking them
to local and domestic issues but considers how
oppression anywhere is oppression everywhere.
Not much critique here, except limits domestic
focus and change.
POPULAR FEMINISM
Argues feminism is no longer needed and that
feminism is defined as anything that makes a
woman feel good and powerful. This came about
in the late 1990s and has manifested into things like
girl power or shirts that have catchy slogans but
dont contextualize what is happening.
Structurally nothing is being done with this
type of feminism as it doesnt focus on
institutions or change.
Accepts traditionally subordinate
roles/values as resistance. Traditional Definition of Family
Social unit of people related through marriage, birth,
or adoption who reside together in sanctioned
relationships
Contemporary Definition of Family
Primary group of peopleusually related by
ancestry, marriage, or adoptionwho form a
cooperative economic unit and care for any young
who consider their identity to be attached to the
group
Extended and Nuclear Families
Extended families are the whole network of
parents, children, and other relatives who form a
family unit.
The nuclear family is comprised of one married
couple residing together with their children.
Diversity in U.S. Families
Family Structure by Race
Diversity Among Families
Families today are smaller
Childbearing and child rearing now occupy a smaller
fraction of the adult life of parents.
Death has been replaced by divorce as the major
cause of early family disruption.
Diversity Among Families
Married couples make up a smaller proportion of
households.
Single parent households, post-childbearing couples,
gay and lesbian couples, and those without children
are increasingly common.
Female-headed Households
1/2 of all children can expect to live
with only one parent at some point in
their lives.
Numbers are growing due to:
Pregnancy among unmarried teens
High divorce rate
Births to Teenage Mothers
Female-headed Households
Teen mothers are less likely to marry than in the
past.
Social problems are caused by economic stress rather
than the absence of a husband.
Single fathers tend to get more help than single
mothers.
Married Couple Families
Men and women have different experiences within
marriage
Increased participation of women in the paid labor
force.
The second shift
Only 28% of married couples who both work full-
time share equally
Women perform 7.5 more hours of housework a
week
The Second Shift
2/3 of women say the amount of work they have to
get done during the day is a cause of stress.
1/2 say that they feel resentment about how little
their mate helps around the house and about their
lack of free time.
Stepfamilies
Blended families demand both parents and children
learn new roles.
The lack of support systems cause stress resulting in
high probability of divorce.
Gay and Lesbian Households
Less gender-stereotyped in household roles
42% of people in the United States, believe gay
marriages should be recognized as valid.
48% believe that civil unions between gays should
be given the same rights.
Acceptance of Gay
Marriage
Singles
Single people today are 28% of the population.
Men and women are marrying at a later age.
Being single no longer holds the same stigma it
once did, especially for women.
Marital Status of the U.S. Population
Cohabitation
Cohabitation has become common among single
people.
one-quarter of all children will at some time during
their childhood live in a family headed by a
cohabiting couple.
Marriage
The values of partners, as well as the roles they
play, influence their experience of marriage.
Among couples where both partners are employed,
only 28% share the housework equally.
With the arrival of the first child, women increase
their housework and lessen their employment.
Divorce
The United States leads the world in the number of
people who divorce.
The marriage rate is 8.4 marriages per 1000 people
and the divorce rate, 4.0 per 1000 people.
Marriage and Divorce Rates
Factors in Rise in Divorce Rate
In earlier eras, people died younger, and the average
length of marriages was shorter.
The cultural orientation toward individualism may
predispose people to terminate a marriage in which
they are unhappy.
Factors in Rise in Divorce Rate
To people in unhappy marriages, divorce, though
painful and financially risky, can be a positive
option.
The belief that couples should stay together for
their children is giving way to a belief that a
marriage with protracted conflict is more
detrimental to than divorce.
Family Violence
The National Violence Against Women Office
estimates:
25% of women will be raped, physically
assaulted, or stalked by an intimate partner in
their lifetime.
22% experience physical assault
710% are raped by intimates
5% will be stalked by an intimate partner.
Families and Globalization
Changes at the global level are producing
transnational families, families where at least one
parent lives and works in a different nation than the
children.
Patterns of migration, war, and economic
development have a profound effect on the social
structure of families.
Families and Social Policy
The family is often blamed for many social problems
the nation experiences.
Social policies designed to assist families should
recognize the diversity of family forms and needs
and the interdependence of the family with other
social conditions and social institutions.
Number of Marriage Partners
Polygamy multiple marriage partners.
Polygyny, one man having more than one wife.
Polyandry is the practice of a woman having more
than one husband.
Monogamy is a sexually exclusive marriage with one
spouse.
Property and Descent
Patrilineal- family lineage is traced through the
family of the father.
Matrilineal- ancestry is traced through the mother.
In bilateral- descent is traced both through the
father and the mother.
Place of Residence
Patrilocal- after marriage, a woman is separated
from her own kinship group and resides with the
husband or his kinship group.
Matrilocal- a woman continues to live with her
family of origin.
Neolocal residence is the practice of the new
couple establishing their own residence.
Who Holds Power?
A patriarchy is a society or group where men have
power over women.
In a matriarchy women hold power.
In egalitarian societies men and women share
power equally, are equally valued by all societal
members, have equal access to resources, and
share decision making. Global Stratification
Measures of well-being reveal consequences of a global system of inequality:
life expectancy
infant mortality
access to health services
Human Poverty Index: Developing Countries
In developing countries, the following indicators are used:
% of people not expected to live to age 40
adult literacy rate
proportion of people lacking access to health services and safe water
% of children under 5 who are moderately or severely underweight
Human Poverty Index
Meant to indicate the degree of deprivation in 4 basic dimensions of human life:
A long and healthy life
Knowledge
Economic well-being
Social inclusion
The Rich and the Poor: A World View
Who Are the Worlds Poor
79% of the world lives in poverty. However, women and children are the most likely to live in poverty both domestically and globally.
1 out of 2 children in the world lives in poverty.
70% of those that live on $1 a day or less are women.
Around 25,000 children die every DAY because they lack proper nutrition (UNICEF)
Who Are the Worlds Poor?
Women constitute about 49% of the worlds population, perform 2/3 of all working hours, receive 1/10th of the income, and own less than 1% of the worlds wealth.
To read more about the global gender gap in wealth, income and other disparities go to this website: women moving millions
Consequences of Global Stratification: Gender
Around the world, women feel poverty more than men do.
Women in wealthier countries have better health and education than women in poorer countries.
Child Poverty in Wealthier Nations
Consequences of Global Stratification: Population
60% of people live in countries with an average income of less than $760/year.
The richest countries have only 15% of the worlds population.
As countries develop, fertility levels decrease and population growth levels off.
Consequences of Global Stratification: Health
High income countries have:
Lower childhood death rates.
Higher life expectancies.
Fewer children born underweight.
Clean water and adequate sanitation.
Consequences of Global Stratification: Education
In the richest nations, education and literacy are almost universal.
18% of the worlds nations have literacy rates below 50%.
Most of the worlds illiterate children are girls and women and girls are often denied access to education.
Here is an inspirational trailer for the film He Called Me Malala about Malala Yousafazi who won the Noble Peace prize at 17 for speaking out about the lack of education of girls globally.
No Where in the World Are Women Treated Equal To Men!
Honor Killings- Thousands of women and girls are murdered every year by their family to preserve the honor of the family typically in cases when the family doesnt agree with the girl dating someone or she is raped. Follow this link to an NPR piece to listen to on Oscar Winning film on honor killings
If you have more time, I have provided this link to the first 40 minutes of the Oscar Winning film in the npr report.
Feticide and infanticide- the killing of female fetuses or babies due to the preference in highly patriarchal societies for male babies. The cultural and social pressures to produce a boy are often intense. It is estimated that there are 100 million girls currently simply because of these practices. Here is a video feticide in the Punjab region of India, where the ratio of men to women is one of the worst.
Other global issues (covered in the film on the discussion board)
Bride Burnings- women are burnt for insufficient dowry
Childhood Marriages- globally girls are married off very early
Widespread domestic violence and sexual assault
Human Trafficking in the U.S.
Please read this article from the Newsweek cover below entitled Sex Slaves in America: http
://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/13/sex-slaves-farm-304354.html
Sex Trade Videos: Just a few optional videos
Sex Slaves in America The rise of sex slaves
Georgia sex trade U.S. sex trafficking ring of women from southeast Asia
Global Stratification
Measures of well
–
being reveal consequences
of a global system of inequality:
life expectancy
infant mortality
access to health services Women and Work: Paid
Employment
There are many myths past and present
surrounding women and work.
The longest standing myth has been that women
historically never worked.
Throughout history, women have always been
engaged in paid and unpaid labor. Paid labor
did not look like it does now prior to the
industrial revolution.
Women and Work
The industrial revolution created a need for outside
employment and thus a division of inside/outside work
emerged. Prior to this, much like agrarian or rural
societies today, womens labor was as important as
mens.
Women of color and poor women were central to the
cheap labor outside the home during this period.
Follow this link and read about the industrial revolution
and women.
https://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/industry/1.htm
Women and Work
Social class became a defining factor in work
prior to the 1950s. Working outside the home
for money was considered jobs for poorer
women.
Womens paid labor was in the most undesirable
or service/care sector jobs (such as
housekeepers, clerical, sewing in factories, etc.)
These jobs were also the lowest paid (and in fact
still are today)
Women and Work
Because socially and institutionally women were seen as
weak and mentally inferior they were barred from
many professions and prestigious institutions of
education or post-graduate education that would allow
them to enter certain fields.
For instance, it wasnt until 1977 that all Ivy league
colleges admitted women. Prior to that women had
separate colleges, such as Radcliffe at Harvard, or they
were denied admission.
The reasoning was they were intellectually not weak.
Women, War and Work
WWII changed the number and types of work women
did since there were very few men to do the jobs typically
occupied by them.
The government created propaganda campaigns to get
women to enter the work force and take jobs they
traditionally did not do or were told they were too weak
to too (like factory production).
It was framed as their patriotic duty.
Listen to an example of a popular song from that time
here: Rosie the Riverter Song
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55NCElsbjeQ
Below are a few more government propaganda
images put out by the government to encourage
women to work in jobs they were traditionally
barred from and told they physically were in
capable of doing. (first image shows women working in traditionally male dominated jobs
with the words: Women: Theres work to be done and a war to be won now! The second image shows a blue collar
man and woman with the words: Good work sister, we never figured you could do a man-size job. Americas women
have met the test)
These images may be familiar to you. The one on the left was done by Norman Rockwell and
relates to the song you just heard and was on the cover of the Saturday Evening Post. The image
shows a woman, Rosie, very buff, confidant, with her tool, blues and eating a sandwich. It is an
image of strength and power and based on a real woman named Rosie. The image on the right is
the one we are more familiar as Rosie the Riveter with the empowerment slogan We Can Do
It and an image of a less muscular woman, but with her sleeves rolled up, flexing and looking
boldly at the viewer. It was a union production sign, not about women in war, but became an
icon of womens empowerment in the 1990s and is still enduring today.
After the War
After the WWII, the government put out a new set of propaganda
campaigns to get the women back into the home and give the
boys their jobs back.
Caring for the house and being domestic was framed as the natural
womanly thing to do, and again as a patriotic duty.
It was during the 1950s that our country saw the prominence of the
breadwinner/homemaker model (husband works and wife stays
home).
Of course not all families met this model. Many women wanted to
work and others had to due to economic necessity.
There were many women who did not want to leave their jobs and
found the work they did to be more satisfying than the jobs they had
previously occupied.
After the War
If you get the opportunity check out this
documentary that shows all of the actual
government footage of the campaigns
mentioned and interviews real life
women who were Rosie The Riveters.
(the image is the front cover of the documentary: The Life and Times of Rosie
the Riveter. Showing a group of men and woman emerging from work, dressed
the same in pants and shirts and hard hats)
Second Wave Feminism and Work
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, women began entering the
workforce in higher rates due to divorce rates rising (they actually
peaked in the U.S. in the late 1970s and early 1980s and have been
relatively stable since despite our perceptions. We will look at this
more next week).
Some women felt constricted by the cultural expectations of getting
married after high school and having children that the 1950s model
dictated.
Second Wave Feminism and Work
Women who were in the work force faced discrimination in pay,
promotions, jobs they could do and from their male coworkers.
They were also looked down upon by their female peers and society
as well. Especially, if they had children and worked.
Debates about the appropriateness of women with children working
were prominent and many women were still forced out.
Women were blatantly discriminated against in being barred from
jobs and being fired or forced to leave upon marriage or pregnancy.
Married and divorced women at this time were unable to get car
loans, credit cards and even bank accounts in their names.
Second Wave Feminism and Work
Feminist began challenging these discriminatory practices.
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were
signed to give protections based on gender.
It has taken decades for cultural attitudes and actual practice to
catch up with the laws.
In the 1970s and 1980s cultural attitudes were highly negative
about equal pay and protections for women and many campaigns
were set forth to frame feminists or women wanting equal pay and
rights as man hating women who want to destroy the family.
This is where many of the misconceptions about feminism have
stemmed from and the anti-equality campaigns have been in some
measure successful because these ideals about feminism still hold to
some extent today.
Women and Work Today
Today, legally, women have no legal constraints
barring them from any type of employment or
education.
Women are in near equal numbers in the work
force and occupy jobs in nearly all industries.
Women enroll in college in higher rates than
men.
But it is not all good news.
Women still tend to occupy the lower paying,
lower prestige jobs.
Work in America is highly segregated.
See graph on next slide.
Gender Segregation in Jobs: Notice the higher paying jobs tend to be
occupied by men and the caring type jobs typically occupied by
women are lower payed. Even though there are no laws barring
women from any of these jobs, industries like construction,
mechanics and even chefs culturally discourage women, are often
hostile towards them and are still perceived as mens work.
Explanations Of Gender Segregation
Women and men are socialized
differently and choose to go into different
fields.
Structural obstacles discourage women
from entering male-dominated jobs and
from advancing once employed.
Work Itself is Gendered
The work environment itself often replicates
gendered expectations. Both men and women
have different experiences such as :
Stereotypical expectations- women are often asked to take notes in
meetings or make coffee (Kanter-Moss)
Interpersonal relationships- activities off the clock such as golfing or
going to strip clubs (think Wolves of Wall Street here) are gendered
as are the relationships built.
Different placement of men and women in hierarchies of
institutions- both in pay an in positions
Womens Worth: Still Unequal
In the 1960s, women earned 59% of what men
earned.
Women today earn on average 78% of what men
earn. However, this is mitigated by factors of
race and education.
For full-time, same position, same education
and same-time on the job women make about
92% of a mans earnings.
Double Jeopardy: Race and Gender
And why are so many women going to college? Four years after
college, in the same profession and same time on job woman make
less than their male counterparts across the board!
Explaining the Pay Gap
Overt discrimination
Men often perpetuate their advantage over women and racial
minorities, through labor union practices, legislation,
harassment, and intimidation.
Human capital theory
Age, experience, education, marital status and hours worked
influence worth in the labor market.
Dual labor market theory
Women and men earn different amounts because they work in
different segments of the market.
Gender segregation
Men and women work in gender segregated occupations.
Explaining the Pay Gap
Next week will explore the connection of families
and gender roles and how this affects work. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN OR
GENDERED VIOLENCE (FIRST IMAGE IS A HAND WITH STOP THE VIOLENCE SECOND
IMAGE IS AN IMAGE OF A MAN SHOOTING A WOMAN THE WORD BITCH ON IT. IT WAS A COMMON T-SHIRT STYLE FOR THE COMPANY
BITCH SKATEBOARDS AND ILLUSTRATES HOW WE NORMALIZE VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN. )
WHAT IS GENDERED VIOLENCE?
AGGRESSION TARGETED TOWARDS A SPECIFIC GENDER, SPECIFICALLY
WOMEN.
DISPROPORTIONATE NUMBER OF VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, SEXUAL
ASSAULT AND AGGRESSION ARE WOMEN.
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN OR GENDERED VIOLENCE ARE INTERCHANGEABLE
TERMS.
SEXUAL ASSAULT IN U.S.
1 IN 6 WOMEN AND 1 IN 33 MEN WILL BE ASSAULTED IN THEIR LIFETIME.
SEE THE LINK BELOW FOR MORE DATA ON ASSAULTS;
HTTPS://WWW.RAINN.ORG/GET-INFORMATION/STATISTICS/FREQUENCY-OF-SEXUAL-ASSAULT
RAPE CAN HAPPEN AT ANY AGE, I USED TO VOLUNTEER IN THE HOSPITAL WHEN VICTIMS WOULD ARRIVE AFTER
AN ASSAULT F
