SOC Ch 9
Open the file (Chapter 9, Assignment, Fall 2020) and answer the questions. I uploaded the book to answer the questions
PLEASE ANSWER IN CHAPTER 8, ASSIGNMENT, FALL 2020 FILE
SOC 100, Fall 2020
Dr. Smith
Assignment due by 10:30am on Monday, 9/28
In order to receive credit you must:
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Chapter 9
1. Social stratification is a system in which groups of people arewhat?
2. It is important to emphasize that social stratification does not refer to.what?
3. What is slaverys essential characteristic?
4. What are the three factors that slavery is usually based on?
5. What is ideology?
6. How was ideology used to justify slavery in the U.S.?
7. What is a caste system?
8. Why must Indian people of a higher caste avoid the Dalit?
9. What is apartheid?
10. What is a racial caste system?
11. When did a racial caste system emerge in the U.S.?
12. In the U.S. what did the upper caste (whites), fearing pollution from the lower caste, prohibit?
13. What is a class system of stratification?
14. How is a class system different from other systems of stratification?
15. How is gender correlated with social stratification around the world?
16. How does Weber define social class?
17. According to functionalists Davis and Moore, why is the stratification of society inevitable?
18. Summarize Tumins three main critiques of the functionalist position on social stratification.
19. What is the conflict perspective of stratification?
20. Summarize how elites maintain stratification.
21. Briefly summarize the life of the Dump People in Cambodia (pp.252-253).
22. What are maquiladoras? (pp.255).
23. What are the positives of these assembly plants?
24. What are the negatives of these assembly plants? Sociology
A Down-to-Earth Approach
Thirteenth Edition
James M. Henslin
Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Henslin, James M., author.
Title: Sociology : a down-to-earth approach / James M. Henslin, Southern
Illinois University, Edwardsville.
Description: Thirteenth edition. | Boston : Pearson Education, [2017]
Identifiers: LCCN 2015043067 | ISBN 9780134205571
Subjects: LCSH: Sociology.
Classification: LCC HM586. H45 2017 | DDC 301dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015043067
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Student Edition:
ISBN-10: 0-13-420557-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-420557-1
Books A La Carte
ISBN 10: 0-13-420559-6
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To my fellow sociologists,
who do such creative research on social life and who
communicate the sociological imagination to generations
of students. With my sincere admiration and appreciation,
A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 3 11/24/15 12:14 AM
1 The Sociological Perspective 1
2 Culture 34
3 Socialization 63
4 Social Structure and Social
Interaction 96
5 How Sociologists Do Research 127
6 Societies to Social Networks 148
7 Bureaucracy and Formal
Organizations 174
8 Deviance and Social Control 196
9 Global Stratification 228
10 Social Class in the United States 261
11 Sex and Gender 294
12 Race and Ethnicity 326
13 The Elderly 365
14 The Economy 394
15 Politics 427
16 Marriage and Family 459
17 Education 493
18 Religion 520
19 Medicine and Health 555
20 Population and Urbanization 587
21 Collective Behavior and Social
Movements 622
22 Social Change and the
Environment 648
Brief Contents
iv
A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 4 11/24/15 12:14 AM
To the Student . . . from the Author xix
To the Instructor . . . from the Author xx
About the Author xxxi
1 The Sociological Perspective 1
The Sociological Perspective 3
Seeing the Broader Social Context 3
The Global Contextand the Local 4
Sociology and the Other Sciences 5
The Natural Sciences 5
The Social Sciences 5
Anthropology 6 Economics 6 politicAl
sciEncE 6 psychology 6 sociology 6
The Goals of Science 7
The Risks of Being a Sociologist 8
Origins of Sociology 8
Tradition versus Science 8
Auguste Comte and Positivism 9
Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism 9
Karl Marx and Class Conflict 10
Emile Durkheim and Social Integration 11
ApplyingDurkhEim 12
Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic 13
rEligionAnDthEoriginofcApitAlism 13
Values in Sociological Research 13
Verstehen and Social Facts 14
Weber and Verstehen 14
Durkheim and Social Facts 15
How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together 15
Sociology in North America 16
Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology 16
Racism at the Time: W. E. B. Du Bois 18
Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer 20
Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills:
Theory versusReform 20
The Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, and Public
Sociology 21
BAsicsociology 21 AppliEDsociology 21 puBlic
sociology 21 sociAlrEformisrisky 22
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology 23
Symbolic Interactionism 24
symBolsinEvEryDAylifE 24 ApplyingsymBolic
intErActionism 24
Functional Analysis 26
roBErtmErtonAnDfunctionAlism 26 Applying
functionAlAnAlysis 26
Conflict Theory 28
kArlmArxAnDconflictthEory 28 conflictthEory
toDAy 28 fEministsAnDconflictthEory 28
ApplyingconflictthEory 29
Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together 29
Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro 29
Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology 30
Sociologys Tension: Research versus Reform 30
thrEEstAgEsinsociology 30 DivErsityof
oriEntAtions 30
Globalization 31
ApplicAtionofgloBAlizAtiontothistExt 31
summaryandreview 31
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter1 33
2 Culture 34
What Is Culture? 36
Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life 36
Practicing Cultural Relativism 38
AttAckonculturAlrElAtivism 42
Components of Symbolic Culture 42
Gestures 42
misunDErstAnDingAnDoffEnsE 42 univErsAl
gEsturEs? 43
Language 43
lAnguAgEAllowshumAnExpEriEncEtoBE
cumulAtivE 44 lAnguAgEproviDEsAsociAl
orshArEDpAst 44 lAnguAgEproviDEsAsociAl
orshArEDfuturE 44 lAnguAgEAllowsshArED
pErspEctivEs 44 lAnguAgEAllowsshArED,
goAl-DirEctEDBEhAvior 45
Language and Perception: The SapirWhorf Hypothesis 46
Values, Norms, and Sanctions 46
Folkways, Mores, and Taboos 48
Many Cultural Worlds 49
Subcultures 49
Countercultures 52
Values in U.S. Society 52
An Overview of U.S. Values 52
Value Clusters 53
Value Contradictions 53
An Emerging Value Cluster 54
When Values Clash 55
Values as Distorting Lenses 55
Ideal versus Real Culture 55
Cultural Universals 56
Sociobiology and Human Behavior 57
Technology in the Global Village 58
The New Technology 58
Cultural Lag and Cultural Change 58
Technology and Cultural Leveling 60
summaryandreview 61
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter2 62
Contents
v
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vi contents
3 Socialization 63
Society Makes Us Human 65
Feral Children 65
Isolated Children 66
Institutionalized Children 67
thEorphAnAgEExpErimEntinthEunitEDstAtEs 67
thEorphAnAgEExpErimEntinromAniA 68 timing
AnDhumAnDEvElopmEnt 68
Deprived Animals 69
Socialization into the Self and Mind 70
Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self 70
Mead and Role Taking 70
Piaget and the Development of Reasoning 72
Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning 73
Learning Personality, Morality, andEmotions 73
Freud and the Development of Personality 73
sociologicAlEvAluAtion 74
Kohlberg and the Development of Morality 74
kohlBErgsthEory 74 criticismsof
kohlBErg 75 rEsEArchwithBABiEs 75 thE
culturAlrElAtivityofmorAlity 75
Socialization into Emotions 75
gloBAlEmotions 75 ExprEssingEmotions:
gEnDErrulEs 75 thEExtEntoffEEling
rulEs 76 whAtwEfEEl 76 rEsEArchnEEDED 76
Society within Us: The Self and Emotions as
SocialControl 77
Socialization into Gender 77
Learning the Gender Map 77
Gender Messages in the Family 77
pArEnts 77 toysAnDplAy 78
sAmE-sExpArEnts 80
Gender Messages from Peers 80
Gender Messages in the Mass Media 80
tElEvision,moviEs,AnDcArtoons 81
viDEogAmEs 81 ADvErtising 81
Agents of Socialization 83
The Family 83
sociAlclAssAnDtypEofwork 83
sociAlclAssAnDplAy 83
The Neighborhood 84
Religion 84
Day Care 84
The School 85
Peer Groups 85
The Workplace 88
Resocialization 88
Total Institutions 88
Socialization through the Life Course 90
Childhood (from birth to about age 12) 90
Adolescence (ages 1317) 91
Transitional Adulthood (ages 1829) 91
BringyourpArEntstoworkDAy. 92
The Middle Years (ages 3065) 92
thEEArlymiDDlEyEArs(AgEs3049) 92
thElAtErmiDDlEyEArs(AgEs5065) 92
The Older Years (about age 65 on) 92
thEtrAnsitionAlolDEryEArs(AgEs6574) 92
thElAtErolDEryEArs(AgE75orsoon) 93
Applying the Sociological Perspective to the
Life Course 93
Are We Prisoners of Socialization? 93
summaryandreview 94
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter3 95
4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 96
Levels of Sociological Analysis 98
Macrosociology and Microsociology 98
The Macrosociological Perspective: SocialStructure 99
The Sociological Significance of Social Structure 99
Culture 101
Social Class 101
Social Status 101
stAtussEts 101 AscriBEDAnDAchiEvED
stAtusEs 101 stAtussymBols 102 mAstEr
stAtusEs 102 stAtusinconsistEncy 102
Roles 103
Groups 103
Social Institutions 104
Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives 105
thEfunctionAlistpErspEctivE 105 thEconflict
pErspEctivE 106
Changes in Social Structure 106
What Holds Society Together? 106
mEchAnicAlAnDorgAnicsoliDArity 106
Gemeinschaft AnD Gesellschaft 107
howrElEvAntArEthEsEconcEptstoDAy? 107
The Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in
Everyday Life 109
Symbolic Interaction 109
stErEotypEsinEvEryDAylifE 109 pErsonAl
spAcE 113 EyEcontAct 114 smiling 114
BoDylAnguAgE 114 AppliEDBoDylAnguAgE 114
Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 114
stAgEs 115 rolEpErformAncE,conflict,AnD
strAin 115 sign-vEhiclEs 115 tEAmwork 116
BEcomingthErolEswEplAy 118 Applying
imprEssionmAnAgEmEnt 118
Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background
Assumptions 119
The Social Construction of Reality 120
gynEcologicAlExAminAtions 120
The Need for both Macrosociology andMicrosociology 122
summaryandreview 125
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter4 126
5 How Sociologists Do Research 127
What Is a Valid Sociological Topic? 129
Common Sense and the Need for Sociological Research 129
A Research Model 129
1. Selecting a Topic 130
2. Defining the Problem 130
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contents vii
3. Reviewing the Literature 130
4. Formulating a Hypothesis 130
5. Choosing a Research Method 130
6. Collecting the Data 130
7. Analyzing the Results 131
8. Sharing the Results 131
Research Methods (Designs) 131
Surveys 133
sElEctingAsAmplE 133 AskingnEutrAl
QuEstions 134 QuEstionnAirEsAnD
intErviEws 134 EstABlishingrApport 136
Participant Observation (Fieldwork) 136
Case Studies 137
Secondary Analysis 137
Analysis of Documents 137
Experiments 139
Unobtrusive Measures 141
Deciding Which Method to Use 141
Controversy in Sociological Research 141
Gender in Sociological Research 143
Ethics in Sociological Research 143
Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research 144
Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research 144
How Research and Theory Work Together 145
The Real World: When the Ideal Meets the Real 145
summaryandreview 147
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter5 147
6 Societies to Social Networks 148
Societies and Their Transformation 150
Hunting and Gathering Societies 150
Pastoral and Horticultural Societies 152
Agricultural Societies 152
Industrial Societies 153
Postindustrial (Information) Societies 154
Biotech Societies: Is a New Type of
Society Emerging? 154
Groups within Society 156
Primary Groups 158
proDucingAmirrorwithin 158
Secondary Groups 158
In-Groups and Out-Groups 158
shApingpErcEptionAnDmorAlity 159
Reference Groups 159
EvAluAtingoursElvEs 160 ExposurEto
contrADictorystAnDArDsinAsociAllyDivErsE
sociEty 160
Social Networks 160
AppliEDnEtworkAnAlysis 161 thEsmAllworlD
phEnomEnon 161 isthEsmAllworlDphEnomEnon
AnAcADEmicmyth? 162 BuilDingunintEntionAl
BArriErs 162
Group Dynamics 162
Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy 163
Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior 164
lABorAtoryfinDingsAnDthErEAlworlD 165
Leadership 167
whoBEcomEsAlEADEr? 167 typEsoflEADErs 167
lEADErshipstylEs 168 lEADErshipstylEsin
chAngingsituAtions 168
The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment 169
The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment 170
Global Consequences of Group Dynamics:
Groupthink 171
prEvEntinggroupthink 172
summaryandreview 172
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter6 173
7 Bureaucracy and Formal
Organizations 174
The Rationalization of Society 176
Why Did Society Make a Deep Shift in Human
Relationships? 176
lifEintrADitionAlsociEtiEs 176 thEshift
torAtionAlityAssociEtiEsinDustriAlizED 176
Marx: Capitalism Broke Tradition 178
Weber: Religion Broke Tradition 178
thEtwoviEwstoDAy 178
Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies 179
Formal Organizations 179
The Characteristics of Bureaucracies 179
Ideal versus Real Bureaucracy 181
Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation of
Bureaucracies 183
Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies 184
rEDtApE:ArulEisArulE 184 lAckof
communicAtionBEtwEEnunits 184
BurEAucrAticincompEtEncE 184
Alienation of Workers 185
cAusEsofAliEnAtion 185 thEAliEnAtED
BurEAucrAt 186 rEsistingAliEnAtion 186
Voluntary Associations 187
Functions of Voluntary Associations 187
Motivations for Joining 188
The Inner Circle and the Iron Law of Oligarchy 188
thEinnErcirclE 188 thEironlAwof
oligArchy 188
Working for the Corporation 189
Humanizing the Work Setting 189
workErEmpowErmEnt 189 corporAtEchilD
cArE 190 thEconflictpErspEctivE 190 workErs
AttEmptstohumAnizEwork 190
Fads in Corporate Culture 190
Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes in the Hidden
Corporate Culture 192
sElf-fulfillingstErEotypEsAnDpromotions 192
Diversity in the Workplace 192
Technology and the Maximum-Security Society 193
summaryandreview 195
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter7 195
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viii contents
8 Deviance and Social Control 196
What Is Deviance? 198
thErElAtivityofDEviAncE 198 AnEutrAl
tErm 198 stigmA 199
How Norms Make Social Life Possible 199
Sanctions 200
Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociobiology,
Psychology, and Sociology 200
BiosociAlExplAnAtions 201 psychologicAl
ExplAnAtions 201 sociologicAl
ExplAnAtions 201
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 201
Differential Association Theory 202
ThE ThEory 202 fAmiliEs 202 friEnDs,
nEighBorhooDs,AnDsuBculturEs 202
DiffErEntiAlAssociAtioninthEcyBEr
AgE 203 prisonorfrEEDom? 203
Control Theory 203
ThE ThEory 203 ApplyingcontrolthEory 204
Labeling Theory 204
rEjEctinglABEls:howpEoplEnEutrAlizE
DEviAncE 204 ApplyingnEutrAlizAtion 206
EmBrAcinglABEls:thEExAmplEof
outlAwBikErs 206 lABElscAnBE
powErful 207 howDolABElswork? 208
The Functionalist Perspective 208
Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society? 208
Strain Theory: How Mainstream Values
ProduceDeviance 209
fourDEviAntpAths 210
Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social
Class andCrime 211
strEEtcrimE 211 whitE-collAr
crimE 211 gEnDErAnDcrimE 213
The Conflict Perspective 214
Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System 214
The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument
ofOppression 214
Reactions to Deviance 216
Street Crime and Prisons 216
The Decline in Violent Crime 218
Recidivism 219
The Death Penalty and Bias 220
gEogrAphy 220 sociAlclAss 220
gEnDEr 220 rAcEEthnicity 222
The Trouble with Official Statistics 223
The Medicalization of Deviance:
Mental Illness 224
nEithErmEntAlnorillnEss? 224 thEhomElEss
mEntAllyill 225
The Need for a More Humane Approach 226
summaryandreview 226
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter8 227
9 Global Stratification 228
Systems of Social Stratification 230
Slavery 231
cAusEsofslAvEry 231 conDitionsof
slAvEry 231 BonDEDlABorinthEnEw
worlD 232 slAvEryinthEnEw
worlD 232 slAvErytoDAy 232
Caste 233
inDiAsrEligiouscAstEs 233 southAfricA 234
Au.s.rAciAlcAstEsystEm 235
Estate 236
womEninthEEstAtEsystEm 236
Class 236
Global Stratification and the Status of Females 237
The Global Superclass 237
What Determines Social Class? 238
Karl Marx: The Means of Production 238
Max Weber: Property, Power, and Prestige 239
Why Is Social Stratification Universal? 240
The Functionalist View: Motivating Qualified People 240
DAvisAnDmoorEsExplAnAtion 240 tumins
critiQuEofDAvisAnDmoorE 240
The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflict and
Scarce Resources 241
moscAsArgumEnt 241 mArxsArgumEnt 242
currEntApplicAtionsofconflictthEory 242
Lenskis Synthesis 242
How Do Elites Maintain Stratification? 243
Soft Control versus Force 243
controllingpEoplEsiDEAs 243
controllinginformAtion 244 stifling
criticism 244 BigBrothEr
tEchnology 244
Comparative Social Stratification 245
Social Stratification in Great Britain 245
Social Stratification in the Former
Soviet Union 245
Global Stratification: Three Worlds 246
thEproBlEmwithtErms 247
The Most Industrialized Nations 247
The Industrializing Nations 250
The Least Industrialized Nations 251
Modifying the Model 251
How Did the Worlds Nations Become
Stratified? 254
Colonialism 254
World System Theory 254
Culture of Poverty 256
Evaluating the Theories 256
Maintaining Global Stratification 257
Neocolonialism 257
rElEvAncEtoDAy 257
Multinational Corporations 257
BuyingpoliticAlstABility 258 unAnticipAtED
consEQuEncEs 258
Technology and Global Domination 258
Strains in the Global System 259
summaryandreview 259
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter9 260 260
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contents ix
10 Social Class in the United States 261
What Is Social Class? 263
Property 263
DistinguishingBEtwEEnwEAlthAnDincomE 263
DistriButionofpropErty 264 DistriBution
ofincomE 264
Power 266
thEDEmocrAticfAcADE 266 thEpowErElitE 266
Prestige 268
occupAtionsAnDprEstigE 268 DisplAying
prEstigE 268
Status Inconsistency 269
Sociological Models of Social Class 270
Updating Marx 270
Updating Weber 272
thEcApitAlistclAss 273 thEuppEr-miDDlE
clAss 273 thElowEr-miDDlEclAss 274 thE
workingclAss 274 thEworkingpoor 274
thEunDErclAss 275
Consequences of Social Class 275
Physical Health 276
Mental Health 276
Family Life 276
choicEofhusBAnDorwifE 277
DivorcE 277 chilDrEAring 277
Education 277
Religion 277
Politics 278
Crime and Criminal Justice 278
Social Mobility 279
Three Types of Social Mobility 279
Women in Studies of Social Mobility 280
The Pain of Social Mobility 280
Poverty 283
Drawing the Poverty Line 283
Who Are the Poor? 284
thEgEogrAphyofpovErty 284
rAcEEthnicity 286 EDucAtion 286
thEfEminizAtionofpovErty 286 olDAgE 287
Children of Poverty 287
The Dynamics of Poverty versus the Culture of Poverty 287
Why Are People Poor? 289
Deferred Gratification 289
Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions of aMyth 290
Peering into the Future: Will We Live in a
Three-Tier Society? 291
summaryandreview 292
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter10 293
11 Sex and Gender 294
Issues of Sex and Gender 296
thEsociologicAlsignificAncEofgEnDEr 296
Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Culture? 296
The Dominant Position in Sociology 298
Opening the Door to Biology 298
AmEDicAlAcciDEnt 298 thEviEtnAmvEtErAns
stuDy 299 morErEsEArchonhumAns 299
Gender Inequality in Global Perspective 300
How Did Females Become a Minority Group? 301
humAnrEproDuction 301 hAnD-to-hAnDcomBAt 303
whichonE? 303 continuingDominAncE 303
Sex Typing of Work 303
Gender and the Prestige of Work 304
Other Areas of Global Discrimination 304
thEgloBAlgApinEDucAtion 304 thEgloBAl
gApinpolitics 304 thEgloBAlgApinpAy 307
gloBAlviolEncEAgAinstwomEn 307
Gender Inequality in the United States 308
Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism 308
Gender Inequality in Everyday Life 311
DEvAluAtionofthingsfEmininE 311
Gender Inequality in Health Care 311
Gender Inequality in Education 313
thEpAst 313 AfunDAmEntAlchAngE 313 gEnDEr
trAcking 314 grADuAtEschoolAnDBEyonD 314
Gender Inequality in the Workplace 316
The Pay Gap 316
historicAlBAckgrounD 316 gEogrAphicAl
fActors 317 thEtEstostEronEBonus 317
rEAsonsforthEgEnDErpAygAp 319 thEcEo
powErgAp 320
Is the Glass Ceiling Cracking? 320
thEwomEnwhoBrEAkthrough 320
AnDthEfuturE? 320
Sexual Harassmentand Worse 321
lABElsAnDpErcEption 321 notjustA
mAnthing 321 sExuAloriEntAtion 321
Gender and Violence 321
Violence against Women 321
forciBlErApE 321 DAtE(AcQuAintAncE)
rApE 322 murDEr 323 violEncEin
thEhomE 323 fEminismAnDgEnDErED
violEncE 323 solutions 323
The Changing Face of Politics 323
Glimpsing the Futurewith Hope 324
summaryandreview 324
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter11 325
12 Race and Ethnicity 326
Laying the Sociological Foundation 328
Race: Myth and Reality 328
thErEAlityofhumAnvAriEty 328 thEmythofpurE
rAcEs 328 thEmythofAfixEDnumBErofrAcEs 328
thEmythofrAciAlsupEriority 328 thEmyth
continuEs 331
Ethnic Groups 331
Minority Groups and Dominant Groups 332
notsizE,ButDominAncEAnDDiscriminAtion 332
EmErgEncEofminoritygroups 332
Ethnic Work: Constructing Our RacialEthnic Identity 332
Prejudice and Discrimination 333
Learning Prejudice 333
DistinguishingBEtwEEnprEjuDicEAnD
DiscriminAtion 333 lEArningprEjuDicE
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x contents
fromAssociAtingwithothErs 335 thE
fAr-rEAchingnAturEofprEjuDicE 336
intErnAlizingDominAntnorms 336
Individual and Institutional Discrimination 338
homEmortgAgEs 338 hEAlthcArE 338
Theories of Prejudice 339
Psychological Perspectives 339
frustrAtionAnDscApEgoAts 339 thEAuthoritAriAn
pErsonAlity 340
Sociological Perspectives 340
functionAlism 340 conflictthEory 341
symBolicintErActionism 342 howlABEls
crEAtEprEjuDicE 342 lABElsAnDsElf-fulfilling
stErEotypEs 342
Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations 343
Genocide 343
Population Transfer 344
Internal Colonialism 345
Segregation 345
Assimilation 345
Multiculturalism (Pluralism) 346
RacialEthnic Relations in the UnitedStates 346
European Americans 346
Latinos (Hispanics) 348
umBrEllAtErm 348 countriEsoforigin 348
unAuthorizEDimmigrAnts 349 rEsiDEncE 351
spAnish 351 EconomicwEll-BEing 351
politics 351
African Americans 352
risingExpEctAtionsAnDcivilstrifE 353
continuEDgAins 354 currEntlossEs 354
rAcEorsociAlclAss?AsociologicAlDEBAtE 354
rAcismAsAnEvEryDAyBurDEn 355
Asian Americans 355
ABAckgrounDofDiscriminAtion 356 DivErsity 356
rEAsonsforfinAnciAlsuccEss 356 politics 357
Native Americans 357
DivErsityofgroups 357 fromtrEAtiEsto
gEnociDEAnDpopulAtiontrAnsfEr 358 thE
invisiBlEminorityAnDsElf-DEtErminAtion 358 thE
cAsinos 359 DEtErminingiDEntityAnDgoAls 359
Looking toward the Future 359
The Immigration Controversy 360
The Affirmative Action Controversy 360
Less Racism 362
Toward a True Multicultural Society 362
summaryandreview 363
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter12 364
13 The Elderly 365
Aging in Global Perspective 367
The Social Construction of Aging 367
Industrialization and the Graying of the Globe 368
The Graying of America 369
rAcEEthnicityAnDAging 370 thElifEspAn 371
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 372
When Are You Old? 372
chAngingpErcEptionsAsyouAgE 372
fourfActorsinourDEcision 372
Changing Perceptions of the Elderly 373
shiftingmEAnings 373
The Influence of the Mass Media 375
The Functionalist Perspective 376
Disengagement Theory 376
EvAluAtionofthEthEory 376
Activity Theory 377
EvAluAtionofthEthEory 377
Continuity Theory 377
EvAluAtionofthEthEory 377
The Conflict Perspective 378
Fighting for Resources: Social Security Legislation 378
Intergenerational Competition and Conflict 380
Fighting Back 382
thEgrAypAnthErs 382 thEAmEricAnAssociAtion
ofrEtirEDpErsons 383
Recurring Problems 383
Gender and Living Arrangements of the Elderly 383
Nursing Homes 383
unDErstAffing,DEhumAnizAtion,AnDDEAth 384
Elder Abuse 386
The Elderly Poor 386
rAcEEthnicityAnDpovErty 386 gEnDEr
AnDpovErty 386
The Sociology of Death and Dying 387
Industrialization and the New Technology 387
Death as a Process 387
Hospices 388
Suicide and Age 389
Adjusting to Death: The Importance of Closure 389
Looking toward the Future 390
New Views of Aging 390
crEAtivEAging 390
The Impact of Technology 391
summaryandreview 392
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter13 393
14 The Economy 394
The Transformation of Economic Systems 396
Preindustrial Societies: The Birth of Inequality 396
Industrial Societies: The Birth of the Machine 396
Postindustrial Societies: The Birth of the InformationAge 397
Biotech Societies: The Merger of Biology and Economics 397
Implications for Your Life 397
The Transformation of the Medium of Exchange 398
Earliest Mediums of Exchange 399
Medium of Exchange in Agricultural Societies 399
Medium of Exchange in Industrial Societies 399
Medium of Exchange in Postindustrial Societies 401
World Economic Systems 401
Capitalism 401
whAtcApitAlismis 401 whAtstAtEcApitAlism
is 401 thEDEvElopmEntofstAtEcApitAlism 402
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contents xi
Socialism 403
whAtsociAlismis 403 sociAlisminprActicE 403
DEmocrAticsociAlism 404
Ideologies of Capitalism and Socialism 404
Criticisms of Capitalism and Socialism 404
The Convergence of Capitalism and Socialism 405
chAngEsinsociAlistcountriEs 405 chAngEsin
cApitAlism 406 possiBlEtrAnsmErgEncE 407
The Functionalist Perspective on the Globalization of
Capitalism 407
The New Global Division of Labor 407
Capitalism in a Global Economy 408
corporAtEcApitAlism 408 sEpArAtionof
ownErshipAnDmAnAgEmEnt 408
Functions and Dysfunctions on a Global Scale 410
The Conflict Perspective on the Globalization of Capitalism 410
Making Capitalism Flourish: Profits and Self-Interests 410
corporAtEpoliticAlconnEctions 410 corporAtE
powErAnDconspirAciEs 413 multiplyingpowEr:
intErlockingDirEctorships 413
The Global Superclass 413
Shifting Dominance and Power 414
Global Investing 414
Work in U.S. Society 417
The Transition to Postindustrial Society 417
Women and Work 417
thEQuiEtrEvolution 417 fEmAlE-mAlEworkstylEs 418
The Underground Economy 419
Stagnant Paychecks 421
Patterns of Work and Leisure 421
workAnDlEisurEAnDthEtrAnsformAtion
ofEconomiEs 422 trEnDsin
lEisurE 422 tElEcommuting 422 thEmoBilEshift 423
Global Capitalism and Our Future 423
The New Economic System and the Old Divisions
ofWealth 424
summaryandreview 425
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter14 426
15 Politics 427
Micropolitics and Macropolitics 429
Power, Authority, and Violence 429
Authority and Legitimate Violence 430
thEcollApsEofAuthority 430
Traditional Authority 431
RationalLegal Authority 431
Charismatic Authority 432
thEthrEAtposEDBychArismAticlEADErs 432
Authority as Ideal Type 432
The Transfer of Authority 433
Types of Government 433
Monarchies: The Rise of the State 433
Democracies: Citizenship as a Revolutionary Idea 434
Dictatorships and Oligarchies: The Seizure of Power 436
The U.S. Political System 436
Political Parties and Elections 436
slicEsfromthEcEntEr 437 thirDpArtiEs 437
Contrast with Democratic Systems inEurope 438
Voting Patterns 438
sociAlintEgrAtion 441 AliEnAtion 441
ApAthy 441 thEgEnDErAnDrAciAlEthnic
gApsinvoting 441
Lobbyists and Special-Interest Groups 441
loBByingByspEciAl-intErEstgroups 442
thEmonEy 442
Who Rules the United States? 443
The Functionalist Perspective: Pluralism 443
The Conflict Perspective: The Power Elite 444
Which View Is Right? 444
War and Terrorism: Implementing Political
Objectives 446
Is War Universal? 446
How Common Is War? 446
Why Countries Go to War 447
The War Machine and the Profits of War 447
Costs of War 447
A Special Cost of War: Dehumanization 449
succEssAnDfAilurEofDEhumAnizAtion 449
Terrorism 451
Targeted Killings 454
Sowing the Seeds of Future Violence 455
sEllingwArtEchnology 455 AlignmEnts
AnDDisAlignmEnts 455
A New World Order? 456
Trends toward Unity 456
Inevitable Changes 456
summaryandreview 457
thinkingcriticallyaboutchapter15 458
16 Marriage and Family 459
Marriage and Family in Global Perspective 461
What Is a Family? 461
What Is Marriage? 462
Common Cultural Themes 462
mAtEsElEction 462 DEscEnt 462 inhEritAncE 463
Authority 463
Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective 463
The Functionalist Perspective: Functions
andDysfunctions 464
whythEfAmilyisunivErsAl 465 functionsofthE
incEsttABoo 465 isolAtionAnDEmotionAl
ovErloAD 465
The Conflict Perspective: Struggles between
Husbands and Wives 465
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Gender,
Housework, and Child Care 466
chAngEsintrADitionAlgEnDEroriEntAtions 466
pAiDworkAnDhousEwork 466 morEchilD
cArE 467 totAlhours 467 AgEnDErDivision
oflABor 467
The Family Life Cycle 467
Love and Courtship in Global Perspective 467
Marriage 469
thEsociAlchAnnElsoflovEAnDmArriAgE 469
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xii contents
Childbirth 470
iDEAlfAmilysizE 470 mAritAlsAtisfAction 471
Child Rearing 472
mArriEDcouplEsAnDsinglEmothErs 472 singlE
fAthErs 473 DAycArE 474 nAnniEs 474 uBEr
AsApArEntsuBstitutE 474 sociAlclAss 474
Family Transitions 475
trAnsitionAlADulthooDAnDthEnot-so-Empty
nEst 475 wiDowhooD 475
Diversity in U.S. Families 476
African American Families 476
Latino
