resspond to classmates discussin
see instructions 100 words for each response there are two responses
Guided Response:Answer any questions your instructor has about your initial post, and respond to at least two of your classmates postings by Day 7. Each of your responses to your classmates should be at least 100 words in length. Critique the potential ethical challenges your classmates identified that are associated with their topic of interest. Suggest other ethical challenges you think might arise if your classmates were to pursue a research study in their topic of interest.
Respond to class mate one :
Ethical Consideration in Research
When focusing on the topic of research in the older adult population health and health promotion improving health equity, there are conditions not to harm. The support of human subjects protection is by the ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct within section 8: research and publication and the institutional review board (IRB) (American Psychological Association,2016; Maschke, 2008). With the advancements in health care and technology, many older adults live longer with more than one chronic medical condition. The argument is that the older adult population cannot benefit from justified research. For example, older adults reside in living communities; they are on a higher chain of vulnerability; however, the thought is with appropriate protection, can participate in scientific research, and ensure their inclusion. The communities tend to impair the older adult ability to express their rights and interest. The protection is the population’s respect to authority; submissive dependence on others may lead to a higher likelihood of manipulation or coercion or lack of respect by others of the concept of their own lives and interest. For example, when older adults rely on others to take care of them in living communities, the caregivers, upper management can pressure older adults to say and do what they want and neglect what the older adult honestly is saying and needing.
The qualifications of the investigators should have the highest degree of skills and care. For example, those who are scientifically qualified and under the supervision of medical personnel according to good practice in social good (Barak, 2013). The research ethics committee approval is for the protection of human subjects. The protocol is to inform the committee of the obligation of the researcher and to have ethical sensitivity, accompanied by team members, to monitor individuals, information, and occurrences of adverse events (Colnerud, 2013). Informed consent is given by the individual under their own free will, without any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, overreaching, or coercion. The individual should have sufficient knowledge, and any information is given to them if necessary, the presentation of information fits the intellect and mental capacities of the individual. According to Colnerud (2013), the researcher should be prepared for any recourse when collecting data from the population (p. 39). For example, the comprehension of the aspects of the research is the risk to the older adult, their health ailments, benefits to better the population, nature of culture, duration of time of research to cause exhaustion, confusion. Allowing the individuals to ask questions and offering contact information to reach out with more questions or concerns later builds a sense of open communication. Colnerud (2013) points out, if the individual changes their mind and does not want to be a part of the research, they should feel no pressure, and acceptance of their change of mind is perfectly okay; this is where the commitment of empathic and well-trained staff stands out. Secondly, having an older adult family member aware and visible, if possible, ensures no difference of opinion from that of their relative. For example, just perchance, there is a temporary condition or permanent health issue, the impaired decision capacity changes there is no effort on the researcher part to be ignorant to the individual’s needs. Once consent is explicit, then verified by a unique signature on a consent form and witnessed, documented, secures the participation of research. The information obtained in geriatric research is critical and raises some concerns with researchers when obtaining valuable data (Colnerud, 2013, p. 37). The need is only to ask those mentally, physically, and emotionally able to consent. Information should meet the population; for example, lower reading level and larger typeface, visuals, hearing aids, audio- or videotapes intend to improve the informed decision-making capacity. Research in the older adult population health and health promotion improving health equity has the potential to advance the promotion of services and regulations to meet the health needs of the population. Justice is the benefit of rational thinking that the older adult population stands to benefit from the results of the research.
The conflict may arise if the vulnerable population is being systematically selected simply because of convenience, cost, ease of availability, compromises status, or manipulability, rather than for reasons directly related to the older adult population health and health promotion improving health equity. The conflict of society stereotyping (ageism) of those older adults above 70 years of age creates an under-representation of the population. The understudied vulnerable research population causes difficulties for physicians and social services able to provide appropriate programs and organizations to advocate for policy changes (Maschke, 2008). The allowance of the older adult in research improves the representation of substantial evidence of efficacy for the population’s health, ability to receive help, and reliability in the system to provide help. The relationship in the ethical research principles is promotional feasibility, and retention linked the representative sampling, study validity, and generalizability (Callari, 2020). There are difficulties in research on the geriatric population in less willingness or fewer opportunities to participate in research. Protecting the right of the older adult population and preventing them from harm during research is the inclusion of respect for a better life with the potential benefits of research. The approach has the potential to strengthen geriatric research.
References:
American Psychological Association. (, 2016).Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct(Links to an external site.).
Retrieved fromhttp://www.apa.org/ethics/code/(Links to an external site.)
Barak, M. E. (2020). The Practice and Science of Social Good: Emerging Paths to Positive Social
Impact.Research on Social Work Practice,30(2), 139150.https://doi-org.proxy-(Links to an external site.)
library.ashford.edu/10.1177/1049731517745600(Links to an external site.)
Callari, T. C., Moody, L., Saunders, J., Ward, G., & Woodley, J. (2020). Stakeholder Requirements for an
Ethical Framework to Sustain Multiple Research Projects in an Emerging Living Lab Involving
Older Adults.Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics,15(3), 111.
Colnerud, G. (2013). Brief report: Ethical problems in research practice.Journal of Empirical Research
on Human Research Ethics, 8(4), 37-41. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2013.8.4.37
Maschke, K. J. (2008). Human research protections: Time for regulatory reform?Hastings Center
Report, 38(2), 19-22. Retrieved fromhttps://www.thehastingscenter.org/publications-(Links to an external site.)
resources/hastings-center-report/
Respond to classmate two
When evaluating what life skills youth in group homes are exposed to that will have a positive effect once in adulthood there are very limited and stringent resources available. Looking at Section 8 of the Ethical Principles of Psychologist and Code of Conduct for research reveals why. First, we will review Section 8 of the APA and then review how these guidelines may contribute to my research. Then we will go over insights as well as some ethical challenges I may face while conducting my research study.
Relating to Section 8 that focuses on research and publication, there are several guidelines set forth for researcher to follow. Some of which may hinder my research due to the fact my subject is centered on youth. The areas that directly impact m specific topic would be 8.01 Institutional Approval, 8.02 Informed Consent, and 8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research (APA, 2016). Getting an institution to approve the study of their residents or youth/staff that they serve, and employ could be very challenging. Making sure all participants are informed and give consent to participate also could be very difficult based on the levels of competence of the youth in question and gaining authorization from guardianship, attorneys, or social workers, etc. could pose a timely process to gain consent. As stated, the requirement for consent is hard to determine or hard to implement (Colnerud, 2013). 8.05 as this may conflict with information obtained and the duties of being a mandatory reporter. Some information may surface, and an ethical liability may become present.
Ethics is very important and vital to any creditable research project. Some however conflict with the very issues they are trying to rectify. For example, in my research trying to prevent non-beneficial life skill training to those skills that will actually benefit the youth in adulthood could be hindered due to protections on children. The Environmental Protection Agency has a new rule that you may not expose a child to substances they already are exposed to in daily life or they will not fund or conduct such research (Maschke, 2008). How then will any reform be exposed without studies that record what the everyday lives are like and how they interact based on those triggers? I do agree with protecting our youth when it comes to negative outsourcing or deception, however I would not object to an observation being done with full informed consent. Interviewing and surveys are good way to gain information when working with youth, but I have found that watching them in their own environment is where you can gain the most insight. More studies should be conducted to expose ways we are contributing and hindering our youth for a better future as well as society as whole.
American Psychological Association. (2016).Ethical principles of psychologists and code
of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/
Colnerud, G. (2013). Brief report: Ethical problems in research practice.Journal of
EmpiricalResearch on Human Research Ethics, 8(4), 37-41.
https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2013.8.4.37(Links to an external site.)
Maschke, K. J. (2008). Human research protections: Time for regulatory
reform?HastingsCenter Report, 38(2), 19-22. Retrieved from
