POSITION PAPER: DEFENSE OF STRONGEST POSITION
ON THREAT ISSUE ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS
OVERVIEW
The purpose of this paper is to rebut your position in Position Paper: Defense of Weakest
Position on Threat Issue Assignment. You must convince the readers that the position you
defended in your assignment was wrong, or inadequately supported by the evidence. As such, the
information provided must be based on a strong foundation of facts with evidence from credible
academic and scholarly sources. Remember, peer-reviewed articles are best. ALSO, by now you
should have a firm grip on the difference between a supportable conclusion, and mere opinion.
Submitting mere opinion will cost you a lot of points. It is REALLY helpful to the instructor if,
when rebutting something you said in your previous assignment, you actually quote yourself
(previous statement) and perhaps even note the evidence that supported that assertion, THEN
rebut that statement/assertion by presenting either contrary evidence, or by redefining or
expounding upon the weaknesses of that prior evidence. That kind of format/organization is very
helpful to the reader in evaluating the weight of your argument/counterargument.
INSTRUCTIONS
Any of the references used in your Position Paper: Defense of Weakest Position on
Threat Issue Assignment may be used again, however 3 new references are required. In
addition, the textbook (chapters 913) must be used as a reference to cite at least 1
countering argument to your first Position Paper Assignment.
The paper should follow strict APA guidelines. All sources must be properly cited.
The paper must consist of 9001,200 words.
At a minimum, the following sections are required:
Summary of issue/conclusion you presented in Position Paper: Defense of Weakest Position
on Threat Issue Assignment. In one or two paragraphs, summarize the issue you
raised/supported in the first Position Paper, and highlight your main point(s). This aids the
instructor in making sure you are on task per the instruction. This element of your paper is
worth ten points.
Position Statement A brief paragraph identifying the issue(s), with a position statement
(Develop a clear and concise position statement that rebuts or counters the position in your
previous paper).
Review of Literature This heading should have at least two subheadings (Background of
Opposing Position and Supporting Evidence). Since this is a review of the literature, adequate
citations should be included within each subheading. Three new (not previously used) sources
must be used, and correctly cited.
Conclusion Provide recommendations and possible courses of action. Citations can be used
here to support your recommendations.
**** these same instructions and the original paper that you must rebut is attached in the files****
CJUS 380
Position Paper: Defense ofStrongestPosition onThreatIssueAssignment Instructions
Overview
The purpose of this paper is to rebut your position in
Position Paper: Defense of Weakest Position on Threat Issue Assignment. You must convince the readers that the position you defended in your assignment was wrong, or inadequately supported by the evidence. As such, the information provided must be based on a strong foundation of facts with evidence from credible academic and scholarly sources. Remember, peer-reviewed articles are best. ALSO, by now you should have a firm grip on the difference between a supportable conclusion, and mere opinion. Submitting mere opinion will cost you a lot of points. It is REALLY helpful to the instructor if, when rebutting something you said in your previous assignment, you actually quote yourself (previous statement) and perhaps even note the evidence that supported that assertion, THEN rebut that statement/assertion by presenting either contrary evidence, or by redefining or expounding upon the weaknesses of that prior evidence. That kind of format/organization is very helpful to the reader in evaluating the weight of your argument/counterargument.
Instructions
Any of the references used in your
Position Paper: Defense of Weakest Position on Threat Issue Assignment may be used again, however 3 new references are required. In addition, the textbook (chapters 913) must be used as a reference to cite at least 1 countering argument to your first Position Paper Assignment.
The paper should follow strict APA guidelines. All sources must be properly cited.
The paper must consist of 9001,200 words.
At a minimum, the following sections are required:
Summary of issue/conclusion you presented in Position Paper: Defense of Weakest Position on Threat Issue Assignment. In one or two paragraphs, summarize the issue you raised/supported in the first Position Paper, and highlight your main point(s). This aids the instructor in making sure you are on task per the instruction. This element of your paper is worth ten points.
Position Statement A brief paragraph identifying the issue(s), with a position statement (Develop a clear and concise position statement that rebuts or counters the position in your previous paper).
Review of Literature This heading should have at least two subheadings (Background of Opposing Position and Supporting Evidence). Since this is a review of the literature, adequate citations should be included within each subheading. Three new (not previously used) sources must be used, and correctly cited.
Conclusion Provide recommendations and possible courses of action. Citations can be used here to support your recommendations.
Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.
Page 2 of 2 Immigration 1
Immigration
Casey
Liberty University
CJUS 380
April 17, 2023
Immigration 2
Immigration
Problem statement
A nation of immigrants is a common way to describe the United States. Except for Native
Americans, most people who call the United States home are immigrants, their ancestors, or
former slaves. Food, language, and the arts are just a few examples of how this diversity has
influenced American culture. Many other aspects as well. Bullock, Haddow, and Coppola (2017)
defined immigration as the act of moving from one country to another and residing there as a
permanent resident or legal citizen of that country.” Immigration reform is a strongly contested
and contentious topic because politicians have long struggled with the economic, security, social,
and human rights concerns that surround it. If immigration laws need to be amended, they should
be based on compassion for everyone involved, including those who already reside in the United
States and want to immigrate there. The only morally and ethically acceptable action is to let
everyone who wishes to immigrate to the United States do so and have their applications and
evaluations based on their qualifications, not their ethnicity or religion. Immigration rules should
not be discriminatory toward any one country or based on an individual’s income, education, or
political or religious beliefs.
Literature Review
Background of the problem
Immigration 3
Ever since the first explorers came to America, immigration has been a hotly debated
subject in the country. Since nearly everyone in the country is a direct offspring of an early
immigrant, the country is often referred to as the “melting pot.” For one reason or another, the
U.S. has always been a country where people seek sanctuary or migrate. Whether it is to escape a
dictator or just take advantage of the wealth of options available here, many people who
immigrate to the U.S. do so in search of a better life. A significant portion of the United States
expansion at the turn of the century was due to immigration, which also had an impact on urban
culture, population, and economic development.
Open immigration is one of the fundamental ideas that has contributed to the greatness of
this country and allowed millions of immigrants to live better lives. When the founders of the
first colonies only allowed people whom they believed to be Caucasian to immigrate and become
citizens, migration started in the 1600s. Before the start of the industrial age, when immigration
into the U.S. started to rise drastically, immigration only made up a small portion of the country’s
population throughout the ensuing two centuries. Bullock et al. (2017) claim that immigration
boosted the U.S. population by over 30 times between the 1820s and the following 100 years,
adding 30 million people to the country.
With the first Immigration Act passed in 1882, the United States began to implement
immigration policy. According to Bullock et al. (2017), this Act levied a tax on anyone entering
the country illegally to raise money to fund and enforce immigration laws. Many more measures
were introduced due to the later immigration laws and acts to restrict and vet potential
immigrants. They also stated that the procedure for immigration into this country is becoming
standardized and regulated, with documentation and manifest records identifying individuals
who were admitted and those who were barred from entering because of concerns about
Immigration 4
additional immigration after World War I, the Literacy Act of 1917 was enacted at the beginning
of the 20th century. The Emergency Quota Act, implemented in 1921, limited the number of
immigrants from each nationality to just 3% annually because of the Literacy Act’s minimal
impact on immigration.
The United States did not start to relax its restrictions on immigration until after World
War II and the passage of the War Brides Act of 1945, the Displaced Persons Act of 1948, and
the Refugee Relief Act of 1953. These three laws made it possible for many families and war
refugees who would not have otherwise been allowed access to the country to enter. Over the
course of the following few decades, numerous changes and laws were passed, giving more
displaced peopleincluding refugees and escapeesthe chance to find safety. The Immigration
Reform and Control Act of 1986 increased the Immigration and Naturalization Service’s (INS)
ability to exercise law enforcement authority and impose penalties on any employer who hired
unlawful immigrants. Immigration continued to increase until that point.
In the 1990s, immigration started to rise once more, and thanks to a lottery system, the
immigration system was designed to make it easier for inhabitants of less developed nations to
become citizens. Each year, the number of immigrants entering the United States grew steadily
until it eventually exceeded 1 million. Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, the INS was
divided into three divisions: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (USCP).
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, immigration reform has stalled significantly
due to the heated debate it has generated among the public and policymakers (Orrenius &
Zavodny, 2019). Immigration needs to be reformed, but not at the expense of dismantling
Immigration 5
families, losing the talents and skills of foreign labor, risking economic suicide, or sending
thousands of individuals back to unsafe nations.
Supporting evidence
The U.S. economy will benefit from allowing unrestricted immigration. Martin P. L.
(2016) found that 26% of the workforce in agriculture was made up of undocumented or illegal
immigrants. After that, 15% of the workforce is in the construction sector, and 9% of the
workforce is in production and general services. Losing this workforce would devastate
agriculture, raising food prices while slowing the building sector and creating huge delays in
infrastructure (Abramitzky et al., 2019). According to studies on immigrant integration, current
immigrants are assimilating into American society just as quickly as earlier immigrants and are
picking up English more quickly than those who immigrated in the early 20th century.
The economy of the United States benefits greatly from immigration as well. The most
direct way that immigration improves potential economic output is through expanding the labor
force. The productivity of immigrants is also rising. The findings of economists Gaetano Basso
and Giovanni Peri suggest that immigrants are more mobile than locals in reaction to regional
economic conditions, maybe because they have fewer enduring attachments to their families and
communities (Abramitzky et al., 2019). This may contribute to the more effective operation of
labor markets. Additionally, it has been demonstrated by economists Jennifer Hunt and
Marjolaine Gauthier-Loiselle that immigrants foster innovation, which is essential for raising
living standards. In particular, they discover that an increase of just 1% in the proportion of
immigrant college graduates leads to an increase of 918% in patents per person.
Immigration 6
Only when free immigration enables everyone to enter this country can we draw from all
the brightest minds in the world. The United States misses out on acquiring an advantage in
economic expertise when immigration restrictions only allow a small number of immigrants
from a small number of countries. In the United States, immigrant entrepreneurs play a
significant role in driving innovation and firm formation. Immigrant self-employment has
increased significantly over time, particularly for those with less education, and now outpaces
native-born Americans. While immigration may boost overall economic development in the
United States, it will likely result in reduced earnings for Americans working at the bottom of the
labor market (Abramitzky et al., 2019). On average, immigration has had little impact on native-
born Americans’ incomes.
The country’s security is a top concern, but if there were an open immigration policy, it
would be possible to fully assess all newcomers, making the border more secure. Illegal entry
into the United States is impossible to prevent because the U.S. limits and inspects many other
states as being unsafe or unwanted (Orrenius & Zavodny, 2019). In addition, there is no
justification for separating illegal immigrants from their kids and deporting them back to their
home countries. Any factor, including national security interests, economic considerations, or
anything else, should not justify the purposeful inflicting of dread onto children.
Internal security has come to be seen as a security concern challenged by immigration.
Since the 1980s, there has been a perception that immigration poses a threat to national security.
Huysmans emphasized how the Schengen Agreement and Dublin Convention linked
immigration to terrorism, transnational crime, and border control. Immigration has occupied a
major position on the counter-terrorism agenda since the September 11 terrorist attacks;
governments have tightened immigration regulations, associating immigration with terrorist
Immigration 7
operations (Orrenius & Zavodny, 2019). Immigration was quickly elevated to a national security
concern in the U.S. As soon as possible, President Bush announced a plan to combat terrorism
through immigration law, and the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service was
added to the newly created Department of Homeland Security; immigration became officially
recognized as a threat to internal security.
The USA PATRIOT Act was enacted six weeks after 9/11, tightening border restrictions,
stepping up monitoring of foreign nationals living in the U.S., and enabling the government to
imprison, try, and deport foreigners suspected of engaging in terrorist activity. The War on
Terror’s tools included immigration laws and border security. Many academics agree that
immigration restrictions are necessary to safeguard the internal security of the receiving state.
Some claim that because Canada has a high immigration rate relative to its population, it is
impossible to adequately vet each immigrant, which leads to the entry of hazardous individuals
(Orrenius & Zavodny, 2019). Therefore, lowering the annual immigration intake would be the
most efficient strategy to keep out undesirable immigrants. While there is no doubt that terrorism
poses a serious threat to the internal security of nations around the globe, its relationship to
immigration needs to be taken into consideration.
Right-wing political parties frequently gain from the crucial election issue of
immigration. A prime illustration is the politics of today in Europe. This article examines how
much U.S. voters care about immigration, which has occasionally been on the periphery and in
the spotlight recently. It turns out that how much immigrants participate in politics significantly
impacts how immigration affects politics (Alesina & Tabellini, 2022). The study makes one
thing abundantly clear: Republicans are typically hostile to immigration reforms, particularly if
they provide a route to citizenship for those who are currently unauthorized. Given their
Immigration 8
propensity to support progressive parties, naturalized immigrants are a liability for conservative
leaders.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it has been successful in having an open immigration system. The United
States does not have problems with immigration until the government intervenes and restricts,
controls, and over-legislates the practice. It has been demonstrated that the United States has
encountered issues that might lead to economic, security, and social difficulties whenever
attempts to restrict immigration were made. We should be loving one another rather than
stepping on one another for personal or political gain.
Immigration 9
Reference
Abramitzky, R., Ager, P., Boustan, L. P., Cohen, E., & Hansen, C. W. (2019). The effects of
immigration on the economy: Lessons from the 1920s border closure (No. w26536).
National Bureau of Economic Research.
Alesina, A., & Tabellini, M. (2022). The political effects of immigration: Culture or economics?
(No. w30079). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bullock, J. A., Haddow, G. D., & Coppola, D. P. (2017). Introduction to homeland security (5th
ed.). Waltham, MA, USA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Immigration 10
Orrenius, P., & Zavodny, M. (2019). Do immigrants threaten US public safety?. Journal on
Migration and Human Security, 7(3), 52-61.
