Module 2 Homework
Instructions:Review the historical people that were important to the advancement of the field of epidemiology, as presented in the lecture presentation(and Chapter 2 of the recommended course textbook). Using the template table provided in the attacheddocument Module 2 Homework (Worksheet),begin creating yourself a “study sheet” by entering the most important contribution(s) for at least 10 of the historical people presented.
You must submit your “study sheet” in Blackboard by attaching ONEWORD or PDF file.Your instructor will NOT grade work that unreadable or submitted in other file formats.This homework is worth 20 points and will be graded according to the attached gradingrubric.
Note: You MUSTuse the template table provided to submit your “study sheet” for this homework. However, you doNOThave to limit your work to only 10 of the historical people (i.e., including all of the individuals presented in your “study sheet” is highly encouraged for your own benefit during quizzes and exams).
PH20001: Essentials of Epidemiology Module 2 Homework (Worksheet)
Module 2 Homework (Worksheet)
Historical Person
Most Important Contribution(s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Insert additional rows to include more historical people (optional)
1 College of Public Health
Module 2: Historic
Developments in Epidemiology
Kent State University
College of Public Health
PH20001: Essentials of Epidemiology
College of Public Health
Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
A Greek physician who
promoted epidemiologic
observation
Attempted to describe
disease with a rational
basis instead of with a
supernatural explanation
Introduced terms like
epidemic and endemicThe Father of Medicine
The First Epidemiologist
College of Public Health
Thomas Sydenham (1624-1689)
Insisted that observation
should drive the study of
disease
Described and classified
different diseases, including
fevers and psychological
maladies
Advanced controversial
treatments like exercise,
fresh air, and a healthy diet
College of Public Health
James Lind (1716-1794)
A Scottish naval surgeon
Observed the effects of time,
place, weather, and diet on
the spread of disease
Applied experimental
methods to identify citrus
fruits as a remedy for scurvy
among sailors on the HMS
Salisbury in 1747
Republished by the
Cambridge University
Press, 2014
College of Public Health
Benjamin Jetsy (mid-1700s)
A farmer and dairyman who noticed that his
milkmaids got cowpox, but never smallpox
Exposed his wife and children to cowpox
Based on the Chinese practice of
variolation, the purposeful infection with a
weak strain of smallpox in hopes of
protection against the strong, deadly strain
The First Vaccinator
College of Public Health
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
An English rural physician
Infected a dairymaid, who
was exposed to cowpox in
her youth, with smallpox by
cutting her arm and rubbing
the wound with infectious
grease she did not
become ill
Subsequently invented a
vaccination for smallpox
College of Public Health
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
The Cow Pock or The Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation!
College of Public Health
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865)
A physician-epidemiologist and Clinical
Director of the Viennese Maternity Hospital
Observed a high maternal mortality rate in
one of his clinics due to childbed fever
Found that cadaver material on the hands
of medical students was passed to mothers
during pelvic examinations
Identified the importance of hand-washing
to prevent the spread of disease
College of Public Health
John Snow (1813-1858)
A physician and the anesthesiologist of
Queen Victoria of England
Conducted a descriptive study during a
cholera outbreak in 1848
Mapped locations of deaths and plotted data
on the course of the epidemic
Hypothesized that the source of the disease
was a public water well, the Broad Street
Pump, for which he removed the handle
College of Public Health
John Snow (1813-1858)
Conducted an analytic study during a larger
cholera outbreak in 1854
Compared deaths among residents that
were supplied water by two separate
companies, Lambeth Water Company and
Southwark and Vauxhall Company (S&V)
Found mortality rates 8-9 times greater
among those with water from S&V and finally
proved his hypothesis that cholera can be
transmitted in water
College of Public Health
John Snow (1813-1858)
The Father of Epidemiology Deaths Dispensary
College of Public Health
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
A French chemist
Identified the cause of
rabies and other diseases
Studied how humans and
sheep contracted anthrax
Developed a vaccine for
anthrax and demonstrated
its effectiveness in an
experimental study
The Father of
Microbiology
College of Public Health
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
Physician, district medical officer, and
hobbyist in laboratory science
Established the germ theory of disease with
Louis Pasteur
Took the first pictures of microbes and
proved their existence and causal
relationship with disease
Demonstrated that the anthrax bacteria is
the only organism to cause the disease
College of Public Health
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
Given most of the credit for
the advancement,
development, and perfection
of the use of the microscope
First to effectively apply the
microscope in the study of
disease and medicine
Discovered animalcules
(later called microbes)
Replica of a
microscope by
Leeuwenhoek
College of Public Health
John Graunt (1620-1674)
Collected Bills of Mortality in London and
systematically recorded age, gender, who
died, of what, where they died, and when
Developed and calculated life tables and life
expectancy using annual tabulations
Divided deaths into two types of causes:
1) Acute struck suddenly
2) Chronic lasted over a long period of
time
College of Public Health
William Farr (1807-1883)
Registrar General in
England
Developed the modern
vital statistics system
Laid the foundation for
death-related statistics
Coined the term statistics
Promoted the concept of
multifactorial etiology
College of Public Health
Bernardino Ramazzini
(1633-1714)
Italian physician
Observed that diseases among
workers arose from two causes:
1) Harmful character of the
materials that workers
handled
2) Violent and irregular
motions and unnatural
posture while working
The Diseases
of Workers
College of Public Health
Florence Nightingale
(1820-1910)
Nurse who worked with
wounded soldiers in the
British Army
Helped to create changes in
hygiene and the overall
treatment of patients
The Times immortalized her
as the Lady with the Lamp
because she ministered to
soldiers throughout the night
Lady with the
Lamp
College of Public Health
Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary)
A personal cook in New
York City and chronic
carrier of typhoid fever
Caused over 250 cases
Confined by health officials
from 1907-1910, until
release due to legal action
Illustrated the importance
of keeping track of carriers
Typhoid Mary in a
news article, 1909
College of Public Health
George Soper
Sanitary engineer in New
York City
Studied several outbreaks of
typhoid fever in the 1900s
Found that food and water
supplies were not the primary
means of transmission
Tracked Mary Mallon and
identified her as a carrier and
cause of outbreaks
Historical public
health poster
College of Public Health
TK Takaki and Others
In the late 1800s, beriberi, rickets, and
pellagra were identified as nutritional
diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies
Takaki eradicated beriberi from the
Japanese Navy by adding vegetables, meat,
and fish to their diet
Vitamins were later discovered, classified,
and investigated as treatments for such
diseases
College of Public Health
Lemuel Shattuck (1793-1859)
Published the first report on sanitation and public
health problems in 1850
Promoted the importance of:
1) Establishing state and local boards of health
2) Organizing efforts to collect and analyze
vital statistics
3) Exchange of health information, sanitary
inspections, and more
Followed up with a book titled Hygiene and Public
Health published by AH Buck in 1879
College of Public Health
Alice Hamilton (1869-1970)
Appointed to the first
occupational disease
investigation body in the US
in 1910
Became a leading expert in
occupational health and a
pioneer in toxicology
Became the first female
faculty member at the
Harvard Medical School
College of Public Health
Edgar Sydenstricker
(1881-1936)
Suggested that morbidity statistics be
classified into five general groups in order to
be of value
1) Reports of communicable diseases
2) Hospital and clinical records
3) Insurance and industrial establishment of
school illness records
4) Illness surveys
5) Records of the incidence of illness in a
population continuously or frequently
observed
College of Public Health
Wade Hampton Frost
(1880-1938)
First professor of epidemiology at Johns Hopkins
Promoted epidemiology as an analytical science
closely integrated with biology and medicine
Investigated the impact of the 1918 influenza
pandemic with Sydenstriker
Advanced our understanding of the natural
history of select diseases
Made advances to the methods and scientific
discipline of epidemiology
Father of Modern Epidemiology
College of Public Health
Jane Lane-Claypon (1877-1967)
English physician
Published a novel cohort study in
1912 showing that babies fed
breast milk gain more weight than
those fed cows milk
Developed a case-control study to
assess the relationship between
breast cancer and selected
exposures
Showed that female breast cancer
risk is greater for those who do not
have children
College of Public Health
Doll & Hill
Conducted one of the first case-control studies
to investigate the association between
smoking and lung cancer in 1950
Conducted the first cohort study of smoking
and lung cancer in 1951 and found that
smokers are 10 times more likely to die of lung
cancer than nonsmokers
College of Public Health
Luther Terry
Ninth Surgeon General of the United States
In 1964, released the first Surgeon Generals
Report that concluded that lung cancer and
chronic bronchitis are causally associated with
smoking PH20001: Essentials of Epidemiology Module 2 Homework (Grading Rubric)
1
Module 2 Homework (Grading Rubric)
Criteria
Levels of Achievement
No Credit Partial Credit Full Credit
Overall study
sheet content
0 points
The study sheet content is
irrelevant, not understandable,
and/or severely incomplete.
1-9 points
The study sheet content lacks
relevance, is difficult to understand,
and/or does not include at least 10
of the historical people presented in
the lecture presentation.
10 points
The study sheet includes relevant
and understandable contribution(s)
for at least 10 of the historical
people presented in the lecture
presentation.
Use of the
template table
provided
0 points
The study sheet was not created
using the template table provided.
1-4 points
The study sheet was created using a
table that is similar to the template
provided, but not identical.
5 points
The study sheet was created using
the template table provided.
Professionalism
0 points
The study sheet is inappropriately
formatted and/or is severely
deficient in grammar, syntax,
spelling, and/or citation.
1-4 points
The study sheet lacks appropriate
formatting and/or contains many
errors in grammar, syntax, spelling,
and/or citation.
5 points
The study sheet is appropriately
formatted and contains very few
errors in grammar, syntax, spelling,
and citation.
20 points total
