Module 2 assignment
I need 125 words response to each question. I attached one readings in pdf and mentioned the two links of other two readings below the Instructions. No Plagiarism. Due in 18 hours.
Review the assigned readings that relate to public health emergencies of international concern (PHEICs) (i.e., Belluz, 2016; Branswell, 2018; PAHO, 2014; WHO, 2018). In paragraph form, briefly provide a response to the following:
Define public health emergency of immediate concern (PHEIC) and identify the organization responsible for the declaration.
Provide an example of a PHEIC declaration from the assigned readings (what disease, where, and when) and envision a new hypothetical one (from scratch or referring to real data), reflecting on possible causes and criteria at stake.
Each response should be approximately 100-200 words. Include at least two different in-text reference citations e.g., (Author, Date) should be used for attribution when summarizing content (see the guidance provided in the Additional Resources folder on the course home page). A full reference citation is not required for this assignment.
Readings:
https://www.vox.com/2016/2/1/10871562/zika-health-emergency-who
WHO to weigh declaration of international emergency over Ebola outbreak
Assignment Rubric- 20 points
Did not
complete or
Very poor
Poor Average Good Excellent
Assignment
Requirements
0 points
Misses two
or more
elements of
the
assignment.
6 points
Misses one
major
element in
the
assignment.
7 points
Handles all
essential
assignment
material
competently,
but may miss
a minor
point or two.
8 points
Handles all
elements of
the
assignment
with skill;
develops
and
supports
ideas in a
better-than-
average
way.
10 points
Handles all
elements of the
assignment in a
professional way;
develops and
supports ideas
thoroughly; uses
examples
effectively.
Quality of
Writing
0 points
Makes
several
grammatical
or
syntactical
errors;
makes three
or more
spelling
errors.
2 points
Commits
several
minor
grammatical
or
syntactical
errors; fails
to correct
two spelling
errors.
3 points
Writes
generally
correct
prose;
occasionally
fails to catch
grammatical
errors; tries
for the
minimum.
4 points
Proof-reads
well enough
to eliminate
most
grammatical
errors; may
have minor
problems
with
punctuation
or usage.
5 points
Employs
rhetorical
strategies
effectively;
makes virtually
no grammatical
or syntactical
errors.
Use of
sources and
citations
0 points
No in-text
citations are
used.
2 points
Only one in-
text citation
is used with
errors.
3 points
Only one in-
text citation
is used with
no errors.
4 points
At least two
in-text
citations are
used with
one or two
errors.
5 points
At least two in-
text citations are
used with no
errors. – 1 –
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IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall CCoonncceerrnn ((PPHHEEIICC))
rreellaatteedd ttoo tthhee iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall
sspprreeaadd ooff wwiilldd ppoolliioovviirruuss
IImmpplliiccaattiioonnss ffoorr tthhee AAmmeerriiccaass,,
ppoolliioo–ffrreeee RReeggiioonn
4 August 2014
On 5 May 2014, the WHO Director General accepted the International Health Regulations
(IHR) Emergency Committees assessment and declared the international spread of wild
poliovirus in 2014 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).
On 31 July 2014, the IHR Emergency Committee met for the second time to assess the
situation and advise the WHO Director General again. Based on the conclusions of this
meeting, and considering the reports submitted by the concerned States Parties, the WHO
Director General accepted the Committees assessment and stated that the international
spread of wild poliovirus in 2014 continues to be a PHEIC. The temporary recommendations
issued on 5 May 2014 remain valid.
Since 5 May through 31 July 2014, there has been new international spread of wild poliovirus
in Central Asia (Pakistan to Afghanistan) and in June of 2014, wild poliovirus originating in
Central Africa (Equatorial Guinea)1 was detected in the Americas. Because of this last event,
Equatorial Guinea was confirmed as a state that is currently exporting wild poliovirus.
The current characterization is as follows: (i) States Currently Exporting Wild Poliovirus
(Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Pakistan and Syrian Arab Republic) and (ii) States Infected with
Wild Poliovirus but Not Currently Exporting (Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, and
Somalia).
The temporary recommendations, effective 5 May 2014, were issued and are aimed to stop
the spread of wild poliovirus and continue to valid. The situation will be reassessed in 3
months.2,3
According to the Temporary Recommendations formulated by the WHO Director General in
relation to the declaration of the PHEIC concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus,
the primary responsibility of stopping the spread of wild poliovirus to wild poliovirus free areas
1 Information is available at:
http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=25922+&Itemid=999999&lang=en
2 The complete WHO statement on the declaration of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern regarding the
international spread of wild poliovirus is available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-
20140505/en/
3 The complete WHO statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee
concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus is available at:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140803/en/
http://www.who.int/ihr/procedures/pheic/en/
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/
http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=25922+&Itemid=999999&lang=en
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140803/en/
– 2 –
falls on the States Parties with active outbreaks (in other words, the ten countries
aforementioned).
For States Parties in the Americas, a polio-free Region, the vaccination coverage levels
reported and the performance of the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance systems are
considered as adequate measures, commensurate to the risk, to maintain the polio-free status
of the Region.4
CCoonnssiiddeerraattiioonnss ffoorr tthhee AAmmeerriiccaass RReeggiioonn
1. Any measure that polio-free States Parties may consider adopting in addition to those
detailed in the Temporary Recommendations related to the PHEIC concerning the
international spread of wild poliovirus, and that might have implications for travel and
trade, should be analyzed in the light of Article 43 of the IHR and subsequent action
taken accordingly.
2. Countries in the Americas should not require certificate of vaccination against polio from
travelers or residents from States that currently export wild poliovirus (Cameroon,
Equatorial Guinea, Pakistan and the Syrian Arab Republic) or from States currently
infected with wild poliovirus (Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Iraq, Israel, Nigeria, and Somalia).
3. PAHO Member States may recommend to travelers from the Americas and heading to
States that currently export wild poliovirus or States infected with poliovirus, to be
immunized prior to travelling. The immunized travelers should have appropriate
documents evidencing such vaccination, i.e. the international certificate of vaccination
or prophylaxis in the format specified in Annex 6 of the International Health Regulations.
To this end, Member States of the Americas should take steps to inform travelers heading
to those countries of the places where such certificates may be obtained locally.
4 Please see Report of the Technical Advisory Group On Vaccine-Preventable Diseases XXI Meeting: Vaccination: A Shared
Responsibility, Quito, Ecuador, 3-5 July 2013; Recommendations Polio
All countries must reinforce the activities aimed to achieve or maintain vaccination coverage >95% in every district or
municipality. If countries do not achieve that coverage they must evaluate the accumulation of non-immunized and
conduct vaccination campaigns.
All countries must continue to maintain adequate AFP) surveillance in order to timely detect any importation or
emergence of VDPVs, and must report to PAHO on a timely fashion to allow the proper monitoring of the Regional
situation.
http://www.paho.org/hq./index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=22423&Itemid=270&lang=en
