Is anyone good for dissertations please ?
THE QUESTION FOCUS FOR THE DISSERTATION IS…
WHY ARE THERE LESS ETHNIC MANAGERS WITHIN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL.?
Ethical approval for research project
ESSENTIAL for all research-based assignments
RESEARCH PROPOSAL: ETHICAL APPROVAL FORM
(printed red version is for reference only, please complete electronically and print out to give
to your tutor for signatures)
Student Name and Tutor
Location of research
Outline of proposed research project
Working title
Rationale
Provide a brief rationale for your project Who (authors/organisations argue this focus is
important/needed and why.
What is the aim of your study?
What are your objectives?
What are your research questions?
Review of literature (1000 words)
What is the theoretical underpinnings of your focus?
You may write this section using subheadings –
Proposed Research Design
Use subheadings
Philosophy, – position your research /yourself as a researcher eg. interpretive paradigm,
feminist lens.
Methodology, – ethnography, grounded theory etc
Methods,- observation, interviews what kind? etc
Tools of analysis semiotics, thematic analysis, coding etc
Context, – who where? (false names)
YOU MUST MAKE LINKs TO LITERATURE
This section needs to be detailed and linked to qualitative authors. . What setting? Who are
your participants? How many participants are you going to use?
What exactly are you going to do and what is your research design? What equipment are you
going to use, what is the reliability and validity of your research protocol you are using.
This should be 4 5 paragraphs and link to your appendices if necessary.
Ethics
Statement of UOB/ISPAR ethics code- see Breo
Ethical approval for research project
ESSENTIAL for all research-based assignments
Identification of potential risks to participants (Anonymity, Vulnerability Confidentiality, data
protection, risk etc)
You must include all the potential risks to your participants. Think about your research design
and the equipment you are using and what risks they carry. Think about the physical exertion
you may be asking your participants to do. Is any of this potentially dangerous to the
population you are looking at? Are they vulnerable? DATA protection issues.
USE LITERATURE LINKS
Links to the ethics code for research see lecture on this
Safety of participants
Anonymous
Confidentiality
Withdrawal at any time
Do no harm
Children –
Vulnerable participants
Data Protection new guidelines see breoo
Statement of how risks will be minimised /avoided (LINKED TO QUAL. AUTHORS)
You must include ways you will reduce the potential risks to your participants IN YOUR
STUDY. You need to include a statement on how you will respect confidentiality, anonymity
for example use false names and state they can withdraw at any part of the study. You need
to state that you will provide both verbal and written consent of the participants after they
have had clear, written instructions regarding the exact procedure they will need to take part
in. Clear participant instructions eg Participation Information Form MUST be completed by
you and UOB ISPAR consent forms included as part of your ethical application.
How will the data be stored safely? DPI forms must be used and stored centrally by UOB.
The BERA/ESRC (delete as appropriate) guidelines have been consulted to inform
ethical practice
Ethical Research Issues Checklist (Below to be completed by student)
Has the research proposal identified any of the following research procedures?
(Circle/Underline):
1. Gathering information about human beings (and organisations) through;
Interviewing, Surveying, Questionnaires, Observation of human behaviour
Taking human tissue/fluids
Interfering in normal physiological and/or psychological processes
2. Using archived data in which individuals are identifiable
3. Researching into illegal activities
4. Research with children/vulnerable adults (I confirm that I have CRB clearance )
If any of the above are circled/underlined, does the proposal satisfactorily identify the
ways in which the following will be dealt with the following (tick boxes for Yes):
(Below to be completed by research supervisor)
Voluntary participation without inducement;
Ethical approval for research project
ESSENTIAL for all research-based assignments
Procedures for providing participants with full awareness of the objectives of
the research, the procedures to be followed, and the anticipated outcomes
particularly in respect of publication of findings;
Proposal has met the criteria for respect for confidentiality and publication
contained in Research Ethics Committee policy
Research proposal form completed appropriately
Informed consent completed appropriately
Do the procedures identified in the proposal necessitate full formal risk assessment?
YES/NO
Has the risk assessment been carried out? YES/NO/NONE REQUIRED
Does this assessment fall within university limits? YES/NO/NONE REQUIRED
For the above two questions you need to have read and acknowledged all the
relevant risk assessments and read the relevant generic ethical documentation
(found in the Laboratory Community on BREO)
(Below to be completed by student)
Appendices
Please include all these forms in your appendices:
Participant Information Sheet (filled in for this study)
Consent Form
All relevant risk assessments
Gatekeeper letter
Approved by the organisation hosting the research:
The student has read and understood the guidelines provided by the Faculty of
Education and Sport on ethical issues related to empirical research. They are aware
of the need for anonymity for the children and organisation (school), confidentiality
of data, and the need for a professional approach during the investigation to
minimise any potential risk to participants. Their research proposal has been
approved.
SIGN
Student
Date
Research supervisor
Date
Reviewer 1
Date
Ethical approval for research project
ESSENTIAL for all research-based assignments
Data Protection Forms
Timeline for the study Dissertation
Form A:
Registration
Student Name & ID Number:……………………………………………………………
Please state briefly the following information:
What is the Academic focus of the Dissertation? (eg. disaffected young women in PE)
What Research Paradigm are you working in? (eg interpretive, critical, .)
What Methodology (eg. ethnographic, case study ) will you use for this focus?
What data collection Methods (eg. interviews, diaries) will you use?
What data analysis methods (eg. Semiotic, discourse, thematic, inductive) will you use?
List the key authors that will form the theoretical framework for this study.
Student Signature: Date:
Allocated advisor:_______________________________________
Advisors Signature: Date: Ethical approval for research project
ESSENTIAL for all research-based assignments
RESEARCH PROPOSAL: ETHICAL APPROVAL FORM
(printed red version is for reference only, please complete electronically and print out to give to your tutor for signatures)
Student –
Location of Study – University of Bedfordshire
Outline of proposed research project
Working title Impacts of new media on perceptions of football within a University setting
Introduction
Rationale
The rationale for this specific topic being explored can be linked towards the fact that there is a strong association that accompanies football within such a media intensive society such as the one we live in today. Because of this an increased amount of research is being conducted within this field, as Blain and Bernstein (2002) argue that the level of research that focuses on the relationship between media and sport now constitutes a significant field of research within an academic study.
New Media Age is a phrase that relates to the evolution of media related directly to technological advancements. With Lievrouw and Livingstone (2002) stating that often work in this area has been technology focused and centred on the development of information and communication technologies.
Media is a very powerful tool that can be used to shape people and their opinions on specific topics, negatively or positively. Spiral of Silence Theory Papacharissi (2009) has strong relations to this point as it is said that if the media propagates a particular opinion, then that opinion will effectively silence opposing opinions.
Aims and Objectives
Silverman (2000, p.20) mentions that clear aims and objectives are set out at the start of the research, these may often refer to collecting and analyising data on a particular topic. The aim is to find out how new forms of media such as social media effect how people think about football and research into why this is.
Research Questions
1. Do people think that media presentation changes the way they perceive sport?
2. How much of an impact does new media have on peoples lives?
3. Why does media hold such power and influence over way people form views?
Key Reference List
Football in the New Media Age Raymond Boyle & Richard Haynes (2004)
Sport and social media research Kevin Filo, Daniel Lock & Adam Karg (2014)
The media and football supporters: a changing relationship Jamie Cleland (2011)
Proposed Research Design
Philosophy
The philosophical position when researching will be a Kim. B (2001) social constructivist stance, as asking for personal opinions will be key to add more of a backbone for the study, while also down to the fact that this study is a more sociological study.
Methodology
The methodology chosen will be an ethnography, as opinions will be used more than relying on hard statistics. Using the key literature to backup claims made during the research, using the interview results to start.
Methods
Armour. K (2012) mentions that the aim of the methods section is to detail how the research was conducted for future reference. The Methods that will be used with this methodology start with the interview questions being more closed to start to gain specific answers, while also gaining trust, so that towards the end to then lead to open-ended questions, leading to opinions being discussed, which is key for the research.
Insider vs Outsider is an interesting argument, however in relation to this study an insider approach would be suitable as, it is felt that is the, as it would enable an unbiased view on the whole operation as each individual person will know the researcher and be comfortable, leading to interviews yielding better results.
Tools of analysis
Sign Salad (2018) Semiotics is a key tool to ensure that intended meanings are unambiguously understood by the person on the receiving end. This will be key when deciphering what is being said from interview answers. This is done as to make out what you think the interview participants means with certain signs and words that they have used.
Identification of potential risks to participants
Ethics
Ethics and Confidentiality where touched upon in both the Consent Forms and Participations Information Sheet (Appendix 1&2) everything that is required for ethical approval will be found within. Since each person being interviewed will be a student at the university. Gorman & Campbell (2007) Ethics is not about simplistic solutions. It provides a framework for asking meaningful questions which is a major part of the research as a whole.
Risks
1 Confidentiality
2 Data Protection
The BERA/ESRC (delete as appropriate) guidelines have been consulted to inform ethical practice
Ethical Research Issues Checklist (Below to be completed by student)
Has the research proposal identified any of the following research procedures? (Circle/Underline):
Gathering information about human beings (and organisations) through;
Interviewing, Surveying, Questionnaires, Observation of human behaviour
Taking human tissue/fluids
Interfering in normal physiological and/or psychological processes
Using archived data in which individuals are identifiable
Researching into illegal activities
Research with children/vulnerable adults (I confirm that I have CRB clearance )
If any of the above are circled/underlined, does the proposal satisfactorily identify the ways in which the following will be dealt with the following (tick boxes for Yes):
(Below to be completed by research supervisor)
Voluntary participation without inducement;
Procedures for providing participants with full awareness of the objectives of the research, the procedures to be followed, and the anticipated outcomes particularly in respect of publication of findings;
Proposal has met the criteria for respect for confidentiality and publication contained in Research Ethics Committee policy
Research proposal form completed appropriately
Informed consent completed appropriately
Do the procedures identified in the proposal necessitate full formal risk assessment? YES/NO
Has the risk assessment been carried out? YES/NO/NONE REQUIRED
Does this assessment fall within university limits? YES/NO/NONE REQUIRED
(Below to be completed by student)
Approved by the organisation hosting the research:
The student has read and understood the guidelines provided by the Faculty of Education and Sport on ethical issues related to empirical research. They are aware of the need for anonymity for the children and organisation (school), confidentiality of data, and the need for a professional approach during the investigation to minimise any potential risk to participants. Their research proposal has been approved.
SIGN
Student
Date
Research supervisor
Date
Reviewer 1
Date
Draft Literature review
How Media can impact perceptions
There are many pieces of literature that relate to the subject of the impacts of new media on perceptions of football, as many covers the theories behind how people can be impacted by media and relating it back to sports, more specifically football. There are two major authors who have similar theories, but both linked to the way media can force a change in the way people perceive information. These include the Spiral of Silence Theory Papacharissi (2009) if the media propagates a particular opinion, then that opinion will effectively silence opposing opinions through an illusion of consensus. And Agenda-setting Theory, Hanson (2009) states Issues that receive most attention from the media become the issues that the public discusses. In relation to football, people will see specific things that the media put out and it is hard for media to stay bias in any regards leading to some views being changed as the media will promote a certain way of thinking.
Cultivation Analysis Theory Gerbner (1979) can also be linked as Under this theory, someone who watches a great deal of television may form a picture of reality that does not correspond to actual life. these theories have in common the fact that they are linked to the way people form opinions on football but also how they are affected by media. For example, some people feel the English Premier League is better than the Spanish League, as they are exposed to it more, even though UEFA recognises the Spanish league as statistically better. But, is the reason so many watched the chosen match, as without TV promoting this game most days leading up to it, the game would have been watched by just fans of the retrospective clubs involved.
New Media Age
As the topic of media relationship with football grows more popular and people become more educated, more research is done as Blain and Bernstein (2002) argue that the level of research that focuses on the relationship between media and sport now constitutes a significant field of research within an academic study. Leading to such theories previously touched upon being covered. Touching on new media and the New Media Age which is a phrase that relates to the evolution of media related directly to technological advancements. Showing that there is a difference in the amount of influence each form of media has in todays society. With Lievrouw and Livingstone (2002) stating that often work in this area has been technology focused and centered on the development of information and communication technologies.
Fandom and medias influence on fans
Having this influence on football perspective that media has, fandom has been changed as a result. With football fans supporting teams based on geographical location and family history. However, this new media wave, has caused the more popular and prevalent teams being promoted to the public more leading to an increase in fans for those teams, which causes an imbalance. As there are two types of sports consumers those being direct and indirect. Kenyon, G. S (1969, p.3) Direct sport consumption involves personal attendance at a sporting event. While Indirect sport consumption involves a persons exposure to sport through mass media, which includes things such as TV, Radio and the Internet. Leading to more fans becoming indirect consumers which hinders football financially. Maslow, A (1970, p.32) work can be related to fandom in the following quote Sport fandom can help fulfil the human need for social interaction by providing a sense of belongingness and use sport to meet their social interaction needs.
The medias relationship with nonfans of football
Media often cover the more successful teams again leading to those being the teams being shown off to the public. Heinegg (1985, p.455) said, Even the anti-fan will sometimes stop in his tracks in front of the TV set and admire despite himself. Showing that even non-football fans can appreciate what they are being shown. Cialdini et al, (1976 p.36) covers the way people prefer to see teams win and feel better about supporting the teams that are more successful. Fans often celebrate with players when the team wins, while also they will aim to increase association with teams who are successful and or are popular and winning at the time, to use their teams accomplishments and success to help boost own self-esteem. Which can lead to the sport becoming more popular due to this exposure, however direct fans will become less and less as a result.
Reference List
Cleland, J. (2011) The media and football supporters: a changing relationship. 1st edn. London. SAGE.
Boyle, R & Haynes, R (2004) Football in the New Media Age. 1st edn. London. Routledge.
Filo, K, Lock, D & Karg, A. (2015) Sport and social media research: A review. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1441352314000904 (Accessed: 10/5/19)
Papacharissi, Z. (2006) Uses and Gratifications, in An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research. 1st ed. Don Stacks and Michael Salwen (New York: Routledge, 2009), p137.
Silverman, D. (2000) Doing Qualitative Research. 4th edn. London. SAGE.
Kim, B. (2001). Social constructivism. In M. Orey (Ed.), Emerging perspectives on learning, teaching, and technology. Available at: http://www.coe.uga.edu/epltt/SocialConstructivism.htm (Accessed: 10/5/19)
Armour. K (2012) Research Methods in Physical Education and Youth Sport. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/abstract/9780203807170 (Accessed: 10/5/19)
Campbell, A, Gorman, S. (2007) An ethical approach to practitioner research. London. Routledge.
Kenyon, G. S (1969) Sport involvement: A conceptual go and some consequences. Chicago: The Athletic Institute
Simply Psychology (2017) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html (Accessed: 10/5/19)
Heinegg, P. (1985) Philosopher in the playground: Notes on the meaning of sport. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press.
Cialdini, R. B (1976) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Gerbner, G et al. (1979). The Demonstration of Power: Violence Profile. Journal of Communication, 29(10), 177-196.
Hanson, R. Mass Communication: Living in a Media World (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2009), 8081.
Appendices
Appendix 1 (Participant Information Sheet)
Appendix 2 (Consent Form)
