Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management
This unit presented applications of the course material. The Unit VIII assignment is to write a report that addresses the following elements.
Write an introduction to your report. Be specific.
Assess the impact of industrial waste on human populations.
Examine the key attributes of solid and hazardous waste.
Evaluate technologies related to the minimization of industrial and hazardous wastes.
Assess engineering principles applicable to solid and hazardous waste management.
Formulate strategies for solving industrial waste-related problems.
Write a summary of your results and the findings from your report.
Ensure your paper is written coherently and that it addresses the requirements mentioned above.
Your course project must be at least four pages in length, and it must include a title page and reference page (title and reference pages do not count toward the minimum page requirement).
In addition to using the required unit resources article by Mor et al. and the unit lesson in your course project, locate three peer-reviewed articles from the CSU Online Library that focus on applications of the course material. At least two of the three sources must not have been used in any of your other assignments for this course. The articles must be no more than five years old.
Because this assignment requires you to reference peer-reviewed articles, you may find it helpful to review the librarys tutorial on How to Find Peer-Reviewed Resources. (Transcript for How to Find Peer-Reviewed Resources video)
Adhere to APA Style guidelines when constructing this assignment, including title page and in-text citations and references for all sources that are used. Please note that no abstract is needed.
MEE 5801, Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Assess engineering principles applicable to solid and hazardous waste management.
2. Examine key attributes of solid and hazardous wastes.
5. Evaluate technologies related to the minimization of industrial and hazardous wastes.
6. Assess the impact of industrial and hazardous waste on human populations.
6.1 Explore health effects on humans concerning industrial and hazardous waste.
7. Formulate strategies for solving industrial waste related problems.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1, 2, 7
Unit Lesson
Unit VIII Course Project
5
Unit Lesson
Article: Assessment of Hydrothermally Modified Fly Ash for the Treatment of
Methylene Blue Dye in the Textile Industry Wastewater
Unit VIII Course Project
6.1
Unit Lesson
Unit VIII Course Project
Required Unit Resources
In order to access the following resource, click the link below.
Mor, S., Chhavi, M. K., Sushil, K. K., & Ravindra, K. (2018). Assessment of hydrothermally modified fly ash for
the treatment of methylene blue dye in the textile industry wastewater. Environment, Development &
Sustainability, 20(2), 625639. Retrieved from
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t=true&db=bsu&AN=128506516&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit Lesson
Introduction
Congratulations on proceeding to the last unit of the course. Unit VIII summarizes the course with
applications; it will show applications of the course for people who work with industrial and hazardous waste.
The lesson will present knowledge expectations for staff at various levels of responsibility as well as
consultants. It will begin with expectations of all staff followed by additional requirements for entry-level staff,
upper-level staff, engineers, and consultants, followed by managers and owners. Though organizations differ
in knowledge requirements, the discussion is a general overview of expectations and the material learned in
this course.
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Application of Course
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MEE 5801, Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
All Staff and Consultants
All levels of staff and consultants need to be familiar with the impact of industrial and hazardous waste on
human populations. As discussed in Brauer (2016), it is important to recognize that substances that are
generally considered harmful to human health may not be harmful at low concentrations, substances that are
usually not thought of as harmful can be harmful in some situations, and substances that are not harmful by
themselves may be harmful when exposed to other substances.
Industrial waste can impact human populations through various pathways. Plants that grow around toxic
waste disposal areas that are poorly contained can absorb toxic chemicals into their root systems. Toxic
gases could be absorbed by plants as well. Plants that take up toxic chemicals and survive could be
consumed by animals or even unknowingly harvested and sold as human food. Animals that are exposed to
toxic chemicals could also be consumed by humans. Direct pathways are those in which humans are directly
exposed to toxic chemicals. Toxic chemicals could have acute or chronic impacts on people. Acute impacts
include an immediate onset of symptoms such as coughing, difficulty breathing, eye irritation, nausea, and
inability to concentrate. Chronic impacts take longer to appear. Cancer is an example of a chronic disease. It
can take years to develop cancer after exposure to a carcinogen (Brauer, 2016).
Entry-Level Staff
In addition to being aware of the impact of industrial waste on human populations, entry-level staff working in
environmental departments at industrial and hazardous waste facilities typically haveor soon gain
knowledge of the key attributes of solid and hazardous waste.
Solid waste is a broad category of materials to be disposed of, and it is governed by regulations under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). A solid waste can be in solid form but could also be a
semi-solid or a contained gas (United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2016). If a material is a
solid waste, it could be considered a hazardous waste. In fact, a hazardous waste has to first be a solid
waste. If it is hazardous, then many more rules apply regarding what to do with it. Thus, it is important to be
able to determine if a solid waste is hazardous.
To check if the solid waste is hazardous, the first task is to determine if the waste is excluded from the
definition of solid or hazardous waste. Oddly, a waste that falls under the broad definition of solid waste can
be on the list of excluded solid wastes. Such wastes are not allowed to be disposed of in a solid waste landfill,
and they would not be considered hazardous waste either (since a hazardous waste has to be a solid waste).
An example would be domestic wastewater. While domestic wastewater falls under the broad category of
solid waste (recall that a waste can be semi-solid), it is excluded from classification as a solid waste per the
EPA (2016). The reason that domestic wastewater is not classified as a solid waste is that it falls under the
Clean Water Act rather than RCRA, and it is treated at a central wastewater treatment plant or by an on-site
wastewater treatment system.
If a solid waste is not on the exclusion list of solid and hazardous wastes, further checks need to occur to see
if it is a hazardous waste. The next check is to see if it is listed on the F, K, P, or U lists (Electronic Code of
Federal Regulations [e-CFR], n.d.). If so, it is a hazardous waste. If it is not on the list, then the next check is
to see if the solid waste shows the characteristics of a hazardous waste. The characteristics are toxicity,
reactivity, ignitability, and corrosivity (TRIC). There are specific tests for these characteristics (e-CFR, n.d.). If
the waste does not exhibit any of the TRIC characteristics, then it is not a hazardous waste. However, if the
waste does exhibit a characteristic, then there is one last check to see if it is hazardous or not.
If the solid waste exhibits the characteristics of a hazardous waste based on its toxicity, reactivity, ignitability,
or corrosivity, then the last check to see if a solid waste is considered hazardous is to check to see if the
waste has been de-listed from hazardous waste classification (e-CFR, n.d.). If the waste has been de-listed, it
is not considered a hazardous waste. If you do not find the waste on this list, then the waste is considered
hazardous, and RCRA hazardous waste regulations must be followed for its treatment, storage, or disposal.
MEE 5801, Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Upper-Level Staff, Engineers, and Consultants
In addition to understanding the impact of industrial and hazardous waste on human population and the key
attributes of classification of solid and hazardous waste, upper-level staff, engineers, and consultants in the
industrial waste field are expected to have an understanding of treatment technologies and, depending on
their role, engineering principles. There are many technologies used for treating industrial wastes. Treatment
methods fall under the broad categories of physical, chemical, physicochemical, biological, stabilization, and
thermal technologies.
The most common physical treatment methods are sedimentation (putting the waste liquid in a tank and
letting the solids settle out), oil skimming, and filtration. Chemical treatment technologies utilize the addition of
chemicals to a waste stream in order to induce chemical reactions. One of the most common chemical
treatment methods is to add a chemical to raise the pH (hydrogen potential) to cause precipitation. The
precipitate is a suspended solid that can then be removed by filtration or sedimentation.
A common physicochemical process is carbon adsorption. A liquid or gas is passed through a bed of
activated carbon. The many small pore spaces in the carbon trap the chemicals, thus removing them from the
liquid or gas stream. Another common physicochemical treatment technology is air stripping. In air stripping, a
liquid waste stream contacts a clean air stream flowing opposite in direction to each other in a vertical
chamber. Upon contact, the volatile contaminants in the liquid waste stream become swept up in the gas
stream, rendering the liquid stream effluent cleaner than its influent stream.
Biological treatment utilizes bacteria to catalyze chemical reactions, which means to encourage the reaction
to proceed. Stabilization encapsulates a hazardous waste so that it does not migrate or degrade into a more
toxic form. Lastly, thermal treatment typically occurs at very high temperatures to chemically convert
hazardous waste to a less hazardous form. An incinerator is an example of thermal treatment.
Another role for upper-level staff, engineers, and consultants is to take the results of other investigations,
such as research by universities and apply the principles to modify existing treatment methods or to create
new ones. Engineering principles of mass, momentum, and energy conservation can be used to scale-up pilot
tests to larger-scale treatment operations.
Managers and Owners
Owners including boards of directors, chief executive officers, presidents, or partnersdepending on the type
of corporationare responsible for formulating the strategy of the company. Managers, while oftentimes
contributing to strategy, are typically responsible for making decisions about hiring, directing staff, major
equipment purchases, and process treatment guidelines.
Owners and managers set the tone of the company. These individuals are the ones who are most likely to
decide where on the spectrum the corporation will be with regards to being reactive or proactive with industrial
waste management. A reactive company waits until regulations or fines become so burdensome that it
institutes new waste management technologies or process changes to comply with regulators. A proactive
company is always on the lookout for how to save money and improve its environmental footprint. Such a
company will even look further to the future by implementing pollution prevention options without total
knowledge of the future cost implications with the expectation that being a good environmental steward pays
dividends in other ways, such as good publicity.
Conclusion
This lesson has provided an application of the course for people in the industrial waste discipline at various
stages of their career. From entry-level staff to upper-level staff (and engineers and consultants) to managers
and owners, the knowledge areas have been presented. Everyone in the field is expected to have knowledge
of health impacts of industrial and hazardous waste. Entry-level staff should understand the key attributes of
these wastes. Upper-level staff, engineers, and consultants would be expected to have knowledge of
treatment technologies and, for some, engineering principles. Finally, managers and owners formulate
strategy for the company.
MEE 5801, Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management 4
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
We hope that you have enjoyed the course and are able to apply the information learned to your career in
industrial and hazardous waste management.
References
Brauer, R. L. (2016). Safety and health for engineers (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. (n.d.). Title 40: Protection of the Environment, Part 261
Identification and listing of hazardous waste. Retrieved from https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=43a12e65fc62ad2c4af072873b86c581&mc=true&node=pt40.26.261&rgn=div5#se40.26.261
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2016). Criteria for the definition of solid waste and solid and
hazardous waste exclusions. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/hw/criteria-definition-solid-waste-
and-solid-and-hazardous-waste-exclusions
Suggested Unit Resources
In order to access the following resource, click the link below.
The following website of the Electronic Code of Federal Regulations details the regulations for identification
and listing of hazardous waste.
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. (n.d.). Title 40: Protection of the Environment, Part 261
Identification and listing of hazardous waste. Retrieved from https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-
idx?SID=43a12e65fc62ad2c4af072873b86c581&mc=true&node=pt40.26.261&rgn=div5#se40.26.261
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=43a12e65fc62ad2c4af072873b86c581&mc=true&node=pt40.26.261&rgn=div5#se40.26.261 Page 44 Journal of Military and Veterans Health
Reprinted Article
Occupational and environmental
health in the ADF
Commander Neil Westphalen
Introduction
ADF personnel are arguably exposed to
the most diverse range of occupational and
environmental hazards of any Australian
workforce Controlling these hazards is
complicated not only by the number, size and
complexity of ADF workplaces but also by its
workforce demographics
ADF workplace hazards significantly impact
the physical and mental health of current
and ex-serving personnel High rates of
preventable workplace illness and injury (in
particular musculoskeletal injuries and mental
health issues) indicate the need to improve
the management of the occupational and
environmental health hazards associated with
all deployed and non-deployed ADF workplaces,
with better emphasis on prevention rather than
treatment
It therefore seems reasonable that the ADFs
health services should be premised on an
occupational and environmental health
paradigm While the details of such a paradigm
are beyond the scope of this article, it seems
evident that, among other attributes, the
resultant health care delivery model would
include military and civilian occupational and
environmental physicians These would not
only perform occupational and environmental
health policy and related roles but also provide
workforce rehabilitation and other clinical
primary health care services, alongside general
practitioners in both garrison and operational
settings
However, the current health capability gaps
between the current ADF health service delivery
model, and one reflecting an occupational
and environmental health paradigm suggest
the need to reassess the fundamental inputs
to capability for Joint Health Command and
the Defence Work Health and Safety Branch
The reassessment should facilitate inputs to
capability that reflect an occupational and
environmental health paradigm, leading to a
genuinely holistic and sustainable workforce-
based ADF health service delivery model
ADF workplaces
The ADF arguably has the most diverse range
of workplaces in Australia The allocation of its
permanent and reserve personnel to the Services
is shown at Table 1 When not deployed, they
work in over 60 major bases and other facilities
throughout Australia
Table 1: ADF personnel allocation, 2014-151
Service Permanent Active Reserve Allocation to (or otherwise providing direct or indirect support)
Navy 13,921 4750 47 commissioned and three non-commissioned ships
Army 29,010 14,166 wide range of combat and other deployable land units
Air Force 13,991 4316 259 aircraft
Totals 56,992 23,232 80,224
Page 45Volume 25 Number 1; January 2017
Reprinted Article
While many occupational and environmental
health hazards are not unique to the ADF,
compared to other Australian workforces its
personnel are arguably exposed to the most
diverse range Examples include:
Biological hazards, such as vector-, food-
and water-borne infectious diseases;
Physical hazards, such as climate extremes
(both heat and cold), noise and vibration,
and ionising and non-ionising radiation;
Chemical hazards, such as heavy metals,
asbestos, fuel and diesel exhaust, in the
form of dusts, mists, fumes and/or vapours;
Psychosocial hazards, such as shiftwork,
fatigue, social/family isolation, and
(regrettably) various forms of unacceptable
behaviour such as bullying/harassment;
and
Ergonomic hazards, such as manual
handing
A unique characteristic of the ADF workforce
pertains to its potential exposure to hazards
that are deliberately intended to cause harm
These include physical hazards from weapons
such as small arms, grenades, mortar and
artillery rounds, sea-, land- and air-launched
missiles, sea and land mines, and torpedoes, all
of which can cause death or injury secondary
to penetrating wounds, blunt trauma, blast
injuries and/or burns Nuclear and other
radiological weapons pose additional physical
hazards, as do biological hazards from
weaponised bacterial viruses and toxins, and
chemical hazards from weaponised blistering,
choking and nerve agents2
All these ADF workplace hazards require
or are amenable to being managed using
an occupational and environmental health
paradigm3
The ADF workforce
The ADF has one of the largest workforces in
Australia In 2014-15, it had 56,922 permanent
and 23,232 active reserve personnel (totalling
80,154), of whom 2241 were deployed4 These
numbers do not include more than 20,000
inactive reserve personnel5 By comparison,
the Australian Public Service in June 2013
comprised 152,230 permanent and 15,027
non-ongoing (contract) employees6 The three
largest private employers in Australia in
2015 were Wesfarmers (205,000), Woolworths
(202,000) and Rio Tinto (55,000)7
With 214 entry-level jobs alone across all three
Services, the ADF also probably has one of the
most complex workforces in Australia8 ADF
entrants are also required to meet demanding
entry medical standards, while career ADF
members have to maintain rigorous retention
medical standards
The ADF workforce also has a number of
demographic characteristics specific to its
occupational and environmental health
requirements For example, all serving ADF
members are over 17 years of age and virtually
all are under 65, whereas only 53 per cent of
Australias civilian population falls within these
age parameters9 Furthermore, unlike a number
of other national military forces, the ADFs
health services do not provide care for family
members or veterans The ADF population
requiring health services is therefore exclusively
a working-age population
Along similar lines, around 30 per cent of
permanent ADF members are under 25,
which is more than double the percentage
of the Australian population aged 15-2510
The relative youth of the ADF workforce
has implications regarding their medical
presentations, in particular those related to
risk-taking behaviours (including alcohol and
other drug use), workplace- and sports-related
musculoskeletal injuries, and mental health
issues
Also, around 85 per cent of both permanent
and reserve ADF members are male, compared
to about 55 per cent of the Australian civilian
workforce11 This also has implications regarding
illnesses and injuries secondary to various risk-
taking behaviours among male and female ADF
personnel, as well as the requirement to provide
workplace and other health care services for a
small but very important proportion of pregnant
women
ADF personnel also have relatively short
periods of service (36 per cent of permanent
ADF members had served less than five years
in 2011),12 implying high personnel turnover
rates Studies have confirmed that higher
numbers of less-experienced employees tend to
increase workplace illness and injury rates13
ADF personnel also typically have high
geographic mobility Using Navy as an example,
Page 46 Journal of Military and Veterans Health
two-thirds of its 14,000 or so permanent
personnel are posted to shore establishments
and other ADF organisations; the remaining
one-third are posted to ships, one-third of which
are at sea at any one time14 All its permanent
personnel participate in a three-year posting
cycle, which equates to some 4700 planned
personnel movements alone every year Besides
creating a challenging continuity of health care
setting, such mobility has important workplace
health implications, particularly regarding
the nature and extent of mental health issues
among Navy personnel, and by extension the
other Services
The ADF population is therefore medically
selected, of young working age, geographically
mobile, has high turnover rates, and is (still)
predominantly male Rather than reflecting a
typical civilian general practitioner dependency
per the broader Australian community, the ADF
is first and foremost a workforce population
ADF veterans
In 2015, Australia had about 339,000 veterans,
including 150,200 with peacetime-only service15
Of the total, 614 per cent were receiving health
care services from the Department of Veterans
Affairs (DVA) for service-related conditions In
2014-15, the cost of these services was $5525
billion16 If the cost was borne (and funded) by
Defence rather than DVA, it would constitute
159 per cent of a recalculated Defence
budget, compared to around 95 per cent of
GDP in health costs for the entire Australian
population17
A striking characteristic of ADF service
therefore pertains to the high treatment cost
of service-related medical conditions (even for
personnel with peacetime-only service), despite
high recruiting and retention health standards
Furthermore, Gulf War syndrome, depleted
uranium exposure, mild traumatic brain
injury, post-traumatic stress disorder,
traumatic amputations and military suicide
have dominated the attention of political and
military leaders, veterans groups and the
media over the last 25 years in Australia and
elsewhere18 Many of these injuries have become
the signature wounds of multiple conflicts in
which Australia and its allies have participated
in recent decades19
However, these conditions have also diverted
attention from lower profile yet often preventable
diseases and non-battle injuries For example,
of the 62,087 US military medical evacuations
from the Middle East area of operations in the
ten years from October 2001, 81 per cent were
not for signature wounds but for diseases and
non-battle injuries, about half of which were
musculoskeletal injuries, mental disorders and
ill-defined conditions20
Occupational and environmental physicians
in Australia
In 2014, the Australian health care system
had 98,807 medical practitioners in more
than 80 specialties, including 32,050 general
practitioners and 55,792 other specialists21
The Royal Australasian College of Physicians
represented 19,210 Australian specialist and
trainee specialist doctors from 33 specialties
in various divisions, chapters and faculties22
Pertinently, the Colleges Australasian Faculty
of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
represented 492 physicians and trainees who:
[P]rovide specialist knowledge to ensure a healthy,
productive workforce and connect a workplace
with the diverse range of health services necessary
to optimise the health and wellbeing of employees
[Occupational and environmental physicians] work
with governments, regulators, employers, workers
and other health professionals to ensure positive
health outcomes for workers and employers23
Its website defines the terms occupational and
environmental medicine as:
Occupational medicine takes a
preventative approach to health and
safety in the workplace by looking at
how a work environment can affect a
persons health, and how a persons
health can affect their work
Environmental medicine is primarily
concerned with the human health
impacts of industrial practices on the
broader environment outside of the
industrial site
The Faculty has maintained an interest in the health
care of current and ex-serving ADF members since its
inception in 1982 This is demonstrated by the high
proportion of its members with extensive military
and other experience of working with the ADF and/
or DVA Indeed, two of its last five presidents have
previous ADF service
Occupational and environmental physicians
are also specialists in setting the pace and
Reprinted Article
Page 47Volume 25 Number 1; January 2017
direction of workplace-based rehabilitation,
and negotiating with employers and other
stakeholders to achieve optimal return-to-
work outcomes24 Their skills and expertise
are therefore highly relevant not only for
current and ex-serving ADF members but also
ADF supervisors, commanders and personnel
managers, as well as DVA
The current state of occupational and
environmental health in the ADF
Although the Defence Work Health and Safety
Branch and the Services have reasonably
robust occupational and environmental
safety organisations, their occupational and
environmental health capabilities are quite
limited For example, as of August 2016, the
ADF had only one uniformed occupational
and environmental physician, the Defence
Work Health and Safety Branch had one such
civilian physician, and Joint Health Command
had one vacant civilian position Among other
limitations, this precludes the ADF from
effectively putting the health into work health
and safety
Moreover, the ADF appears unique in that, unlike
other employers, its health services provide
employee health care without ascertaining
whether or not their clinical presentations
are work-related For example, Joint Health
Command clinical records routinely document
patient details such as their Service and rank
but not their rate (Navy), corps (Army) or
mustering (Air Force), which indicate the jobs
they perform
Furthermore, Joint Health Command does not
collect or report work-related illness/injury
data, or record lost time or restricted duties,
or identify the ensuing health care costs (albeit
some of this information is provided via a
separate non-health reporting process managed
by the Defence Work Health and Safety Branch)
Yet this baseline health information is essential,
not only for monitoring the effectiveness of the
ADFs occupational and environmental health
services but also accounting for the health care
costs incurred by Joint Health Command, as
well as the compensation and veteran health
care costs incurred by DVA
Moreover, Joint Health Command does not
include occupational and environmental
physicians as part of its multidisciplinary
rehabilitation teams, despite anecdotal evidence
that 30-40 per cent of clinical presentations
to a typical ADF medical practitioner are for
generally preventable musculoskeletal injuries
About half of these are workplace-related
(typically related to manual handling or slips/
trips/falls); the other half tend to be sports-
related
Also anecdotally, another 30-40 per cent
of clinical presentations are for generally
preventable mental health injuries About half
of these members lack psychological robustness
for whom the ADF has been a poor career
choice; the other half tend to be members who
are psychologically robust but are not coping
with excessively demanding or otherwise
dysfunctional ADF workplaces or personnel
management practices This means that only
the remaining 20-40 per cent of ADF clinical
presentations are for conditions typically seen
in an equivalent Australian civilian population
These assertions are supported by data from the
ADFs Health Surveillance System (EpiTrack),
which showed that in 2007-08 and 2008-09,
the five most common medical conditions in
the ADF were injuries and musculoskeletal
disorders, respiratory tract conditions, skin
conditions, ill-defined conditions, and ear,
nose and throat disorders, while the five
most common ADF conditions resulting in
sick leave were injuries and musculoskeletal
disorders, respiratory tract conditions, mental
health disorders, stress reactions, ill-defined
conditions, and intestinal infectious disease25
By comparison, the five most common
Australian civilian clinical presentations
in 2013 were hypertension, (childhood)
immunisations, upper respiratory tract
infections, (non-work-related) depression, and
diabetes26 Consistent with the relationship
between battle- and disease/non-battle injury
casualty rates throughout military history, it is
evident that the overwhelming majority of ADF
clinical presentations are not combat-related27
It is also the case that the non-deployed/
garrison health services provided by Joint
Health Command do not reflect an occupational
and environmental health paradigm Joint
Health Command provides these health
services in accordance with the extant Service
Level Agreement between the Vice-Chief of the
Defence Force and the single-Service Chiefs
Although the Defence Minister can vary the
treatment services provided by Joint Health
Reprinted Article
Page 48 Journal of Military and Veterans Health
Command (in order to maintain fitness for
duty while reflecting the facilities available),
the agreements to date otherwise only mandate
compliance with the Health Insurance Act
1973 and the National Health Act 1953, which
ensures that ADF personnel receive the same
level of non-deployed health care as Australian
civilians28
However, although the current Service
Level Agreements refer to occupational and
environmental health services, none have so far
required garrison health services to facilitate
local unit compliance with the Work Health
and Safety Act 2011 This limitation, combined
with a lack of military occupational and
environmental physicians, restricts garrison
rehabilitation and other clinical services to that
provided by general practitioners and other
non-specialist practitioners
The lack of occupational and environmental
health support provided by Joint Health
Command is not counterbalanced by that
provided by the Defence Work Health and Safety
Branch The latters focus on higher-profile
workplace exposures such as asbestos, fuel,
diesel exhaust fumes, surface finishes and fire-
fighting foam does not address the lower profile
yet far higher volume (and cost) of preventable
workplace-related musculoskeletal and mental
health injuries being treated by garrison health
staff
The need for a revis
