history assignments
Option 1In 1941 the United States was drawn into the Second World War when the Empire of Japan attacked the American naval and air bases in Hawaii and the Philippines.Was it inevitable for the United States to be drawn into the war?Could the United States have avoided being pulled into the War?Why or why not?
Option 2You will examine the effects of McCarthyism on American society with a focus on women.The question that you need to answer is: How do you feel about informing on people and their political activities or affiliations in the context of McCarthyism and the peoples constitutional guarantees?In examining this question, you will need to look at the social and political climate of the United States in the post-Second World War period and the Cold War (1946-1955).What was happening in American society?Look at Chapter 35 and specifically Chapter 36 section A for some basic documents to frame your question and develop your thesis.
Option 3:You will examine the issue of the Internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War.The question that you need to answer is: Was the internment of Japanese-Americans during the Second World War (1941-1945) justifiable.In examining the questions, you should look at the security issues and concerns, the difference in the treatment of the Japanese-Americans in Hawaii versus the mainland (California, Oregon, Washington), and the treatment of Italian-Americans and German-Americans.
Option 4:The history of the United States has been one of expansion of freedoms for Americans.Following the Civil War, the 13-15thAmendments to the Constitution which were ratified between 1865-1870 were the first step towards expanded liberties.The 19thamendment ratified in 1920, included women in this every increasing expansion of rights. The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Acts which were established in the mid-1960s reinforced freedoms that were granted under the 14-15thAmendments.The 26thamendment ratified in 1971 extended to younger people the rights afforded United States citizens under the 15thand 19thamendments.What were the effects of these constitutional amendments and congressional acts on American society?Has the Civil Rights Movement ended or is it continuing?What groups are covered or affected by the Civil Rights Movement?Look at events in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and now.
In making your choice please consider the intellectual, social, and/or economic developments leading to the Second World War or to the movement(s) for expanded civil rights.In answering your question, you will be interpreting the reading found inThe American Spirit.Most of your research for the Second World War paper will be found in chapters 32, 33, 34 and 35.Most of your research for the Civil Rights paper will be found in chapters 37, 38, 39 and 42.For either option, you may also find useful information inOf the Peoplebook.Other readings in the book may be used if you find them relevant.You must useThe American Spiritbook for evidence to support your argument.
Explain your choices, backing up your points withquotesandexamplesfrom the primary documents found inThe American Spirittextbook as well as from the lectures any relevant reading from the Oakes bookOf the People.To write this paper, you should only use the two textbooks from the class.Using other books and media are not necessary, but OK so long as you use the textbooks.
Guidelines:
Please writeonlyabout the question you have chosen.
Your paper must have an introduction (or introductory paragraph) and a conclusion.
Say what your going to say (your question, the introduction)
Say it (your argument supporting the introduction, the main body of the paper, using quotes from the text to support your argument)
Say what you have said (the conclusion)
Your paper should be five (5) full to eight (8) pages, double spaced, and typed, not including bibliography on a separate page.
Important reminder:This is not a research paper.All the information that you need for this paper can be found in the sources that we have discussed and used in class.You may use outside sources so long as you use the textbooks from class.
U.S. History
SENIOR CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
P.SCOTT CORBETT, VENTURA COLLEGE
VOLKER JANSSEN, CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY AT FULLERTON
JOHN M. LUND, KEENE STATE COLLEGE
TODD PFANNESTIEL, CLARION UNIVERSITY
PAUL VICKERY, ORAL ROBERTS UNIVERSITY
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Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1: The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 The Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Europe on the Brink of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3 West Africa and the Role of Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Chapter 2: Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 14921650 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1 Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2 Religious Upheavals in the Developing Atlantic World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3 Challenges to Spains Supremacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4 New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange . . . . 52
Chapter 3: Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 15001700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.2 Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.3 English Settlements in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.4 The Impact of Colonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chapter 4: Rule Britannia! The English Empire, 16601763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.1 Charles II and the Restoration Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.2 The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3 An Empire of Slavery and the Consumer Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.4 Great Awakening and Enlightenment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.5 Wars for Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Chapter 5: Imperial Reforms and Colonial Protests, 1763-1774 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.1 Confronting the National Debt: The Aftermath of the French and Indian War . . . . . . 126
5.2 The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.3 The Townshend Acts and Colonial Protest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.4 The Destruction of the Tea and the Coercive Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.5 Disaffection: The First Continental Congress and American Identity . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Chapter 6: America’s War for Independence, 1775-1783 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.1 Britains Law-and-Order Strategy and Its Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.2 The Early Years of the Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
6.3 War in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.4 Identity during the American Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Chapter 7: Creating Republican Governments, 17761790 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.1 Common Sense: From Monarchy to an American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.2 How Much Revolutionary Change? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.3 Debating Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.4 The Constitutional Convention and Federal Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Chapter 8: Growing Pains: The New Republic, 17901820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.1 Competing Visions: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.2 The New American Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
8.3 Partisan Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
8.4 The United States Goes Back to War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Chapter 9: Industrial Transformation in the North, 18001850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
9.1 Early Industrialization in the Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
9.2 A Vibrant Capitalist Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
9.3 On the Move: The Transportation Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
9.4 A New Social Order: Class Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Chapter 10: Jacksonian Democracy, 18201840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
10.1 A New Political Style: From John Quincy Adams to Andrew Jackson . . . . . . . . . 274
10.2 The Rise of American Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
10.3 The Nullification Crisis and the Bank War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
10.4 Indian Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
10.5 The Tyranny and Triumph of the Majority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Chapter 11: A Nation on the Move: Westward Expansion, 18001860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
11.1 Lewis and Clark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
11.2 The Missouri Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
11.3 Independence for Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
11.4 The Mexican-American War, 18461848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
11.5 Free Soil or Slave? The Dilemma of the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Chapter 12: Cotton is King: The Antebellum South, 18001860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
12.1 The Economics of Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
12.2 African Americans in the Antebellum United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
12.3 Wealth and Culture in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
12.4 The Filibuster and the Quest for New Slave States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Chapter 13: Antebellum Idealism and Reform Impulses, 18201860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
13.1 An Awakening of Religion and Individualism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
13.2 Antebellum Communal Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
13.3 Reforms to Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
13.4 Addressing Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
13.5 Womens Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Chapter 14: Troubled Times: the Tumultuous 1850s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
14.1 The Compromise of 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
14.2 The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Republican Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
14.3 The Dred Scott Decision and Sectional Strife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
14.4 John Brown and the Election of 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Chapter 15: The Civil War, 18601865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
15.1 The Origins and Outbreak of the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
15.2 Early Mobilization and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
15.3 1863: The Changing Nature of the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
15.4 The Union Triumphant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Chapter 16: The Era of Reconstruction, 18651877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
16.1 Restoring the Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
16.2 Congress and the Remaking of the South, 18651866 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
16.3 Radical Reconstruction, 18671872 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
16.4 The Collapse of Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
Chapter 17: Go West Young Man! Westward Expansion, 1840-1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
17.1 The Westward Spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
17.2 Homesteading: Dreams and Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
17.3 Making a Living in Gold and Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
17.4 The Loss of American Indian Life and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
17.5 The Impact of Expansion on Chinese Immigrants and Hispanic Citizens . . . . . . . . 501
Chapter 18: Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
18.1 Inventors of the Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
18.2 From Invention to Industrial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
18.3 Building Industrial America on the Backs of Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
18.4 A New American Consumer Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Chapter 19: The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
19.1 Urbanization and Its Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
19.2 The African American Great Migration and New European Immigration . . . . . . . 548
19.3 Relief from the Chaos of Urban Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
19.4 Change Reflected in Thought and Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Chapter 20: Politics in the Gilded Age, 1870-1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11740/1.3
20.1 Political Corruption in Postbellum America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
20.2 The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
20.3 Farmers Revolt in the Populist Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
20.4 Social and Labor Unrest in the 1890s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Chapter 21: Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
21.1 The Origins of the Progressive Spirit in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
21.2 Progressivism at the Grassroots Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
21.3 New Voices for Women and African Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
21.4 Progressivism in the White House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Chapter 22: Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, 1890-1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
22.1 Turner, Mahan, and the Roots of Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
22.2 The Spanish-American War and Overseas Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
22.3 Economic Imperialism in East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
22.4 Roosevelts Big Stick Foreign Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
22.5 Tafts Dollar Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Chapter 23: Americans and the Great War, 1914-1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
23.1 American Isolationism and the European Origins of War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
23.2 The United States Prepares for War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
23.3 A New Home Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
23.4 From War to Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
23.5 Demobilization and Its Difficult Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
Chapter 24: The Jazz Age: Redefining the Nation, 1919-1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
24.1 Prosperity and the Production of Popular Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
24.2 Transformation and Backlash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
24.3 A New Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
24.4 Republican Ascendancy: Politics in the 1920s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Chapter 25: Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? The Great Depression, 1929-1932 . . . . . . . . 723
25.1 The Stock Market Crash of 1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
25.2 President Hoovers Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
25.3 The Depths of the Great Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
25.4 Assessing the Hoover Years on the Eve of the New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Chapter 26: Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
26.1 The Rise of Franklin Roosevelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
26.2 The First New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
26.3 The Second New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Chapter 27: Fighting the Good Fight in World War II, 1941-1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787
27.1 The Origins of War: Europe, Asia, and the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
27.2 The Home Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
27.3 Victory in the European Theater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
27.4 The Pacific Theater and the Atomic Bomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Chapter 28: Post-War Prosperity and Cold War Fears, 1945-1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
28.1 The Challenges of Peacetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
28.2 The Cold War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
28.3 The American Dream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834
28.4 Popular Culture and Mass Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
28.5 The African American Struggle for Civil Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Chapter 29: Contesting Futures: America in the 1960s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
29.1 The Kennedy Promise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
29.2 Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
29.3 The Civil Rights Movement Marches On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
29.4 Challenging the Status Quo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878
Chapter 30: Political Storms at Home and Abroad, 1968-1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
30.1 Identity Politics in a Fractured Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
30.2 Coming Apart, Coming Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
30.3 Vietnam: The Downward Spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
30.4 Watergate: Nixons Domestic Nightmare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906
30.5 Jimmy Carter in the Aftermath of the Storm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Chapter 31: From Cold War to Culture Wars, 1980-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
31.1 The Reagan Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920
31.2 Political and Cultural Fusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925
31.3 A New World Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
31.4 Bill Clinton and the New Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937
Chapter 32: The Challenges of the Twenty-First Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951
32.1 The War on Terror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952
32.2 The Domestic Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
32.3 New Century, Old Disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
32.4 Hope and Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970
Appendix A: The Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Appendix B: The Constitution of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
Appendix C: Presidents of the United States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Appendix D: U.S. Political Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
Appendix E: U.S. Topographical Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009
Appendix F: United States Population Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
Appendix G: Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
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