Glb Ethics
read the attached file for question and instruction
Chapter 4 Quiz 4
Instructions: There are three (3) topic areas listed below that are designed to measure your knowledge level specific to learning outcome (LO 4) shown in your course syllabus. Youmustrespond to #2and selectany other onetopic area providing appropriate responses in essay form.In most cases the topic area has several components. Each must be addressed to properly satisfyrequirements.
Pay attention to what you are being asked to do (see Grading Rubric below). For example, to describedoes not mean to list, but to tell about or illustrate in more than two or three sentences, providing appropriate arguments for your responses
using theories discussed in our text
.
Be sure to address all parts of the topic question as most have multiple parts.
A verifiable current event
(less than 4 years old)relevant to at leastoneof the topics you respond tois a fundamental component of your quiz as well. You cannot use information from the text book or any book/article by the author of the text book as a current event. Make sure that your reference has a date of publication.For each chapter quiz and final quiz you are required to find and include at least one reference and reference citation to a current eventless than 4 years old(a reference with no date (n.d.) is not acceptable) in answer to at least one question. This requires a reference citation in the text of your answer and a reference at the end of the question to which the reference applies. You must include some information obtained from the reference in your answer. The references must be found on the internet and you must include a URL in your reference so that the reference can be verified.
You should type your responses directly under the appropriate question. Be sure to include your name on your quiz. Only the first two (2) questions with an answer will be graded. Includeyour namein the document filename (see rubric below for example). Your completed quiz must beuploaded into the appropriate eCollege Dropbox, no later than 11:59pm on the due date. Do well.
1. Doyou believe that a coherent and comprehensive code of conduct for computer professionals is possible?(b)If so, which of the codes mentioned in this chapter roughly resembles such a code?Explain your choice.Please elaborate (beyond a yes or no answer) and provide your theoretical
rationale in support of your responses
(knowledge)
Question 2 mandatory
2. You have been working for the XYZ Computer Corporation as an entry-level software engineer since you graduated from college last May. You have done very well so far; you are respected by management, well-liked by your fellow employees, and have been assigned to a team of engineers that has consistently worked on the most critical and valued projects and contracts that XYZ Computer Corporation has secured. Their most recent contract is for a United States defense project involving the Missile Defense System, and again, you have been assigned to the team that will develop software for this project. However, you are staunchlyopposedto the project objectives, so you ask to be reassigned. Your supervisor and coworkers, as well as upper management, are disappointed to learn of your strong feelings about this project. You are asked to reconsider your views, and you are promised a bonus and a substantial pay increase if you agree to work on this project during the next year. You also discover from a colleague that refusing to work on this project would greatly diminish your career advancement at XYZ and may even make you vulnerable to future layoffs. To compound matters, you and your spouse are expecting your first child in about three months and you recently purchased a home. (a)What would you do (elaborate)? (b)Describethe process of ethical deliberation that you would undertake in trying to resolve this dilemma.
Please elaborate (beyond a yes or no answer) and provide your theoretical rationale in support of your responses
(knowledge, comprehension)
3. According to Gotterbarn some of the criticism leveled against professional codes might be eliminated if we think of them as serving three important, but distinct, functions. Name and discuss them.
Please elaborate (beyond a yes or no answer) and provide your theoretical rationale in support of your responses
knowledge) 57268
File Attachment
Cover.jpg
FFIRS3GXML 10/20/2012 0:58:24 Page 4
FFIRS3GXML 10/20/2012 0:58:24 Page 1
F O U R T H E D I T I O N
ETHICS
AND
TECHNOLOGY
Controversies, Questions, and Strategies
for Ethical Computing
HERMAN T. TAVANI
Rivier University
FFIRS3GXML 10/20/2012 0:58:24 Page 2
VP & Executive Publisher: Donald Fowley
Executive Editor: Beth Lang Golub
Editorial Assistant: Katherine Willis
Marketing Manager: Chris Ruel
Marketing Assistant: Marissa Carroll
Associate Production Manager: Joyce Poh
Production Editor: Jolene Ling
Designer: Kenji Ngieng
Cover Photo Credit: Bernhard Lang/Getty Images, Inc.
Production Management Services: Thomson Digital
This book was set in 10/12 TimesTenLTStd-Roman by Thomson Digital, and printed and bound by Edwards Brothers Malloy.
The cover was printed by Edwards Brothers Malloy.
This book is printed on acid free paper.
Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years,
helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles
that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate
Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our
business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within
our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website:
www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
Copyright # 2013, 2011, 2007, 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the
prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for
permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-
5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during
the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the
review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are
available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this
book as your complimentary desk copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tavani, Herman T.
Ethics and technology : controversies, questions, and strategies for ethical
computing / Herman T. Tavani, Rivier UniversityFourth edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-28172-7 (pbk.)
1. Computer networksMoral and ethical aspects. I. Title.
TK5105.5.T385 2013
175dc23
2012028589
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions
http://www.wiley.com/go/citizenship
http://www.copyright.com
http://www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel
FFIRS3GXML 10/20/2012 0:58:24 Page 3
In memory of my grandparents,
Leon and Marian (Roberts) Hutton,
and Antonio and Clelia (Giamberardino) Tavani
FFIRS3GXML 10/20/2012 0:58:24 Page 4
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:1 Page 5
CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
PREFACE xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii
FOREWORD xxix
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO CYBERETHICS: CONCEPTS, PERSPECTIVES,
AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS 1
CHAPTER 2. ETHICAL CONCEPTS AND ETHICAL THEORIES: ESTABLISHING
AND JUSTIFYING A MORAL SYSTEM 33
CHAPTER 3. CRITICAL REASONING SKILLS FOR EVALUATING DISPUTES IN
CYBERETHICS 74
CHAPTER 4. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, CODES OF CONDUCT, AND MORAL
RESPONSIBILITY 101
CHAPTER 5. PRIVACY AND CYBERSPACE 131
CHAPTER 6. SECURITY IN CYBERSPACE 174
CHAPTER 7. CYBERCRIME AND CYBER-RELATED CRIMES 201
CHAPTER 8. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DISPUTES IN CYBERSPACE 230
CHAPTER 9. REGULATING COMMERCE AND SPEECH IN CYBERSPACE 269
CHAPTER 10. THE DIGITAL DIVIDE, DEMOCRACY, AND WORK 303
CHAPTER 11. ONLINE COMMUNITIES, CYBER IDENTITIES, AND SOCIAL NETWORKS 337
CHAPTER 12. ETHICAL ASPECTS OF EMERGING AND CONVERGING TECHNOLOGIES 368
GLOSSARY 411
INDEX 417
v
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:1 Page 6
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:1 Page 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE xvii
New to the Fourth Edition xviii
Audience and Scope xix
Organization and Structure of the Book xxi
The Web Site for Ethics and Technology xxiii
A Note to Students xxiv
Note to Instructors: A Roadmap for Using This Book xxiv
A Note to Computer Science Instructors xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii
FOREWORD xxix
c CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO CYBERETHICS: CONCEPTS, PERSPECTIVES,
AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS 1
Scenario 11: A Fatal Cyberbullying Incident on MySpace 1
Scenario 12: Contesting the Ownership of a Twitter Account 2
Scenario 13: The Washingtonienne Blogger 2
1.1 Defining Key Terms: Cyberethics and Cybertechnology 3
1.1.1 What Is Cybertechnology? 4
1.1.2 Why the Term Cyberethics? 5
1.2 The Cyberethics Evolution: Four Developmental Phases in Cybertechnology 6
1.3 Are Cyberethics Issues Unique Ethical Issues? 9
Scenario 14: Developing the Code for a Computerized Weapon System 10
Scenario 15: Digital Piracy 11
1.3.1 Distinguishing between Unique Technological Features and Unique
Ethical Issues 11
1.3.2 An Alternative Strategy for Analyzing the Debate about the Uniqueness
of Cyberethics Issues 12
1.3.3 A Policy Vacuum in Duplicating Computer Software 13
1.4 Cyberethics as a Branch of Applied Ethics: Three Distinct Perspectives 14
1.4.1 Perspective #1: Cyberethics as a Field of Professional Ethics 15
1.4.2 Perspective #2: Cyberethics as a Field of Philosophical Ethics 18
1.4.3 Perspective #3: Cyberethics as a Field of Sociological/Descriptive Ethics 21
Scenario 16: The Impact of Technology X on the Pleasantville Community 21
1.5 A Comprehensive Cyberethics Methodology 24
1.5.1 A Disclosive Method for Cyberethics 25
1.5.2 An Interdisciplinary and Multilevel Method for Analyzing
Cyberethics Issues 26
1.6 A Comprehensive Strategy for Approaching Cyberethics Issues 27
1.7 Chapter Summary 28
vii
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:1 Page 8
Review Questions 28
Discussion Questions 29
Essay/Presentation Questions 29
Scenarios for Analysis 29
Endnotes 30
References 31
Further Readings 32
Online Resources 32
c CHAPTER 2
ETHICAL CONCEPTS AND ETHICAL THEORIES: ESTABLISHING
AND JUSTIFYING A MORAL SYSTEM 33
2.1 Ethics and Morality 33
Scenario 21: The Runaway Trolley: A Classic Moral Dilemma 34
2.1.1 What Is Morality? 35
2.1.2 Deriving and Justifying the Rules and Principles of a Moral System 38
2.2 Discussion Stoppers as Roadblocks to Moral Discourse 42
2.2.1 Discussion Stopper #1: People Disagree on Solutions to
Moral Issues 43
2.2.2 Discussion Stopper #2: Who Am I to Judge Others? 45
2.2.3 Discussion Stopper #3: Morality Is Simply a Private Matter 47
2.2.4 Discussion Stopper #4: Morality Is Simply a Matter for Individual
Cultures to Decide 48
Scenario 22: The Perils of Moral Relativism 49
2.3 Why Do We Need Ethical Theories? 52
2.4 Consequence-Based Ethical Theories 53
2.4.1 Act Utilitarianism 55
Scenario 23: A Controversial Policy in Newmerica 55
2.4.2 Rule Utilitarianism 55
2.5 Duty-Based Ethical Theories 56
2.5.1 Rule Deontology 57
Scenario 24: Making an Exception for Oneself 58
2.5.2 Act Deontology 59
Scenario 25: A Dilemma Involving Conflicting Duties 60
2.6 Contract-Based Ethical Theories 61
2.6.1 Some Criticisms of Contract-Based Theories 62
2.6.2 Rights-Based Contract Theories 63
2.7 Character-Based Ethical Theories 64
2.7.1 Being a Moral Person vs. Following Moral Rules 64
2.7.2 Acquiring the Correct Habits 65
2.8 Integrating Aspects of Classical Ethical Theories into a Single
Comprehensive Theory 66
2.8.1 Moors Just-Consequentialist Theory and Its Application to
Cybertechnology 67
2.8.2 Key Elements in Moors Just-Consequentialist Framework 69
2.9 Chapter Summary 70
Review Questions 70
Discussion Questions 71
Essay/Presentation Questions 71
Scenarios for Analysis 72
Endnotes 72
viii c Table of Contents
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:2 Page 9
References 73
Further Readings 73
c CHAPTER 3
CRITICAL REASONING SKILLS FOR EVALUATING DISPUTES IN CYBERETHICS 74
3.1 Getting Started 74
Scenario 31: Reasoning About Whether to Download a File from Sharester 75
3.1.1 Defining Two Key Terms in Critical Reasoning: Claims and Arguments 75
3.1.2 The Role of Arguments in Defending Claims 76
3.1.3 The Basic Structure of an Argument 76
3.2 Constructing an Argument 78
3.3 Valid Arguments 80
3.4 Sound Arguments 83
3.5 Invalid Arguments 85
3.6 Inductive Arguments 86
3.7 Fallacious Arguments 87
3.8 A Seven-Step Strategy for Evaluating Arguments 89
3.9 Identifying Some Common Fallacies 91
3.9.1 Ad Hominem Argument 92
3.9.2 Slippery Slope Argument 92
3.9.3 Fallacy of Appeal to Authority 93
3.9.4 False Cause Fallacy 93
3.9.5 Begging the Question 94
3.9.6 Fallacy of Composition/Fallacy of Division 94
3.9.7 Fallacy of Ambiguity/Equivocation 95
3.9.8 Appeal to the People (Argumentum ad Populum) 95
3.9.9 The Many/Any Fallacy 96
3.9.10 The Virtuality Fallacy 97
3.10 Chapter Summary 98
Review Questions 98
Discussion Questions 98
Essay/Presentation Questions 99
Scenarios for Analysis 99
Endnotes 99
References 100
Further Readings 100
c CHAPTER 4
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, CODES OF CONDUCT, AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY 101
4.1 Professional Ethics 102
4.1.1 What Is a Profession? 103
4.1.2 Who Is a Professional? 103
4.1.3 Who Is a Computer/IT Professional? 104
4.2 Do Computer/IT Professionals Have Any Special Moral Responsibilities? 105
4.2.1 Safety-Critical Software 105
4.3 Professional Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct 106
4.3.1 The Purpose of Professional Codes 107
4.3.2 Some Criticisms of Professional Codes 108
4.3.3 Defending Professional Codes 109
4.3.4 The IEEE-CS/ACM Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional
Practice 110
Table of Contents b ix
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:2 Page 10
4.4 Conflicts of Professional Responsibility: Employee Loyalty and Whistle-Blowing 112
4.4.1 Do Employees Have an Obligation of Loyalty to Employers? 112
4.4.2 Whistle-Blowing Issues 114
Scenario 41: Whistle-Blowing and the Star Wars Controversy 115
4.4.3 An Alternative Strategy for Understanding Professional Responsibility 117
4.5 Moral Responsibility, Legal Liability, and Accountability 117
4.5.1 Distinguishing Responsibility from Liability and Accountability 118
4.5.2 Accountability and the Problem of Many Hands 119
Scenario 42: The Therac-25 Machine 120
4.5.3 Legal Liability and Moral Accountability 120
4.6 Risk Assessment in the Software Development Process 121
Scenario 43: The Aegis Radar System 121
4.7 Do Some Computer Corporations Have Special Moral Obligations? 122
4.7.1 Special Responsibilities for Search Engine Companies 123
4.7.2 Special Responsibilities for Companies that Develop Autonomous Systems 124
4.8 Chapter Summary 125
Review Questions 126
Discussion Questions 126
Essay/Presentation Questions 126
Scenarios for Analysis 127
Endnotes 128
References 128
Further Readings 130
c CHAPTER 5
PRIVACY AND CYBERSPACE 131
5.1 Are Privacy Concerns Associated with Cybertechnology Unique or Special? 132
5.2 What is Personal Privacy? 134
5.2.1 Accessibility Privacy: Freedom from Unwarranted Intrusion 135
5.2.2 Decisional Privacy: Freedom from Interference in Ones
Personal Affairs 135
5.2.3 Informational Privacy: Control over the Flow of Personal
Information 136
5.2.4 A Comprehensive Account of Privacy 136
Scenario 51: Descriptive Privacy 137
Scenario 52: Normative Privacy 137
5.2.5 Privacy as Contextual Integrity 137
Scenario 53: Preserving Contextual Integrity in a University Seminar 138
5.3 Why is Privacy Important? 139
5.3.1 Is Privacy an Intrinsic Value? 140
5.3.2 Privacy as a Social Value 141
5.4 Gathering Personal Data: Monitoring, Recording, and Tracking Techniques 141
5.4.1 Dataveillance Techniques 141
5.4.2 Internet Cookies 142
5.4.3 RFID Technology 143
5.4.4 Cybertechnology and Government Surveillance 145
5.5 Exchanging Personal Data: Merging and Matching Electronic Records 146
5.5.1 Merging Computerized Records 146
Scenario 54: Merging Personal Information in Unrelated Computer Databases 147
5.5.2 Matching Computerized Records 148
Scenario 55: Using Biometric Technology at Super Bowl XXXV 149
x c Table of Contents
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:2 Page 11
5.6 Mining Personal Data 150
5.6.1 How Does Data Mining Threaten Personal Privacy? 150
Scenario 56: Data Mining at the XYZ Bank 151
5.6.2 Web Mining 154
Scenario 57: The Facebook Beacon Controversy 154
5.7 Protecting Personal Privacy in Public Space 156
Scenario 58: Shopping at SuperMart 157
Scenario 59: Shopping at Nile.com 157
5.7.1 Search Engines and the Disclosure of Personal Information 158
Scenario 510: Tracking Your Search Requests on Google 159
5.7.2 Accessing Online Public Records 160
Scenario 511: Accessing Online Public Records in Pleasantville 161
Scenario 512: Accessing a States Motor Vehicle Records Online 162
5.8 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies 162
5.8.1 Educating Users about PETs 163
5.8.2 PETs and the Principle of Informed Consent 163
5.9 Privacy Legislation and Industry Self-Regulation 164
5.9.1 Industry Self-Regulation Initiatives Regarding Privacy 164
Scenario 513: Controversies Involving Googles Privacy Policy 166
5.9.2 Privacy Laws and Data Protection Principles 166
5.10 Chapter Summary 168
Review Questions 169
Discussion Questions 169
Essay/Presentation Questions 170
Scenarios for Analysis 170
Endnotes 171
References 171
Further Readings 173
c CHAPTER 6
SECURITY IN CYBERSPACE 174
6.1 Security in the Context of Cybertechnology 174
6.1.1 Cybersecurity as Related to Cybercrime 175
6.1.2 Security and Privacy: Some Similarities and Some Differences 175
6.2 Three Categories of Cybersecurity 176
6.2.1 Data Security: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability
of Information 177
6.2.2 System Security: Viruses, Worms, and Malware 178
Scenario 61: The Conficker Worm 178
6.2.3 Network Security: Protecting our Infrastructure 179
Scenario 62: The GhostNet Controversy 179
6.3 Cloud Computing and Security 180
6.3.1 Deployment and Service/Delivery Models for the Cloud 181
6.3.2 Securing User Data Residing in the Cloud 182
6.4 Hacking and The Hacker Ethic 183
6.4.1 What Is The Hacker Ethic? 184
6.4.2 Are Computer Break-ins Ever Ethically Justifiable? 186
6.5 Cyberterrorism 187
6.5.1 Cyberterrorism vs. Hacktivism 188
Scenario 63: Anonymous and the Operation Payback Attack 189
6.5.2 Cybertechnology and Terrorist Organizations 190
Table of Contents b xi
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:2 Page 12
6.6 Information Warfare (IW) 191
6.6.1 Information Warfare vs. Conventional Warfare 191
Scenario 64: The Stuxnet Worm and the Olympic Games Operation 192
6.6.2 Potential Consequences for Nations that Engage in IW 192
6.7 Cybersecurity and Risk Analysis 194
6.7.1 The Risk Analysis Methodology 194
6.7.2 The Problem of De-Perimeterization of Information Security for
Analyzing Risk 195
6.8 Chapter Summary 196
Review Questions 196
Discussion Questions 197
Essay/Presentation Questions 197
Scenarios for Analysis 197
Endnotes 198
References 198
Further Readings 200
c CHAPTER 7
CYBERCRIME AND CYBER-RELATED CRIMES 201
7.1 Cybercrimes and Cybercriminals 201
7.1.1 Background Events: A Brief Sketch 202
7.1.2 A Typical Cybercriminal 203
7.2 Hacking, Cracking, and Counterhacking 203
7.2.1 Hacking vs. Cracking 204
7.2.2 Active Defense Hacking: Can Acts of Hacking Back or Counter
Hacking Ever Be Morally Justified? 204
7.3 Defining Cybercrime 205
7.3.1 Determining the Criteria 206
7.3.2 A Preliminary Definition of Cybercrime 207
Scenario 71: Using a Computer to File a Fraudulent Tax Return 207
7.3.3 Framing a Coherent and Comprehensive Definition of Cybercrime 208
7.4 Three Categories of Cybercrime: Piracy, Trespass, and Vandalism in Cyberspace 208
7.5 Cyber-Related Crimes 209
7.5.1 Some Examples of Cyber-Exacerbated vs. Cyber-Assisted Crimes 209
7.5.2 Identity Theft 211
7.6 Technologies and Tools for Combating Cybercrime 213
Scenario 72: Intercepting Mail that Enters and Leaves Your Neighborhood 213
7.6.1 Biometric Technologies 214
7.6.2 Keystroke-Monitoring Software and Packet-Sniffing Programs 215
7.7 Programs and Techniques Designed to Combat Cybercrime in the United States 216
7.7.1 Entrapment and Sting Operations to Catch Internet Pedophiles 216
Scenario 73: Entrapment on the Internet 216
7.7.2 Enhanced Government Surveillance Techniques and the Patriot Act 217
7.8 National and International Laws to Combat Cybercrime 218
7.8.1 The Problem of Jurisdiction in Cyberspace 218
Scenario 74: A Virtual Casino 218
Scenario 75: Prosecuting a Computer Corporation in Multiple Countries 219
7.8.2 Some International Laws and Conventions Affecting Cybercrime 220
Scenario 76: The Pirate Bay Web Site 221
7.9 Cybercrime and the Free Press: The WikiLeaks Controversy 221
7.9.1 Are WikiLeaks Practices Ethical? 222
xii c Table of Contents
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:2 Page 13
7.9.2 Are WikiLeaks Practices Criminal? 222
7.9.3 WikiLeaks and the Free Press 223
7.10 Chapter Summary 225
Review Questions 225
Discussion Questions 226
Essay/Presentation Questions 226
Scenarios for Analysis 226
Endnotes 227
References 228
Further Readings 229
c CHAPTER 8
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DISPUTES IN CYBERSPACE 230
8.1 What is Intellectual Property? 230
8.1.1 Intellectual Objects 231
8.1.2 Why Protect Intellectual Objects? 232
8.1.3 Software as Intellectual Property 232
8.1.4 Evaluating an Argument for Why It is Wrong to Copy
Proprietary Software 233
8.2 Copyright Law and Digital Media 235
8.2.1 The Evolution of Copyright Law in the United States 235
8.2.2 The Fair-Use and First-Sale Provisions of Copyright Law 236
Scenario 81: Making Classic Books Available Online 237
Scenario 82: Decrypting Security on an e-Book Reader 237
8.2.3 Software Piracy as Copyright Infringement 238
8.2.4 Napster and the Ongoing Battles over Sharing Digital Music 239
Scenario 83: The Case of MGM v. Grokster 241
8.3 Patents, Trademarks, and Trade Secrets 242
8.3.1 Patent Protections 242
8.3.2 Trademarks 243
8.3.3 Trade Secrets 243
8.4 Jurisdictional Issues Involving Intellectual Property Laws 244
8.5 Philosophical Foundations for Intellectual Property Rights 245
8.5.1 The Labor Theory of Property 245
Scenario 84: DEF Corporation vs. XYZ Inc. 246
8.5.2 The Utilitarian Theory of Property 247
Scenario 85: Sams e-Book Reader Add-on Device 247
8.5.3 The Personality Theory of Property 248
Scenario 86: Angelas B Programming Tool 249
8.6 The Free Software and the Open Source Movements 250
8.6.1 GNU and the Free Software Foundation 250
8.6.2 The Open Source Software Movement: OSS vs. FSF 251
8.7 The Common-Good Approach: An Alternative Framework for Analyzing the
Intellectual Property Debate 252
8.7.1 Information Wants to be Shared vs. Information Wants to be Free 254
8.7.2 Preserving the Information Commons 256
8.7.3 The Fate of the Information Commons: Could the Public Domain of
Ideas Eventually Disappear? 257
8.7.4 The Creative Commons 259
8.8 PIPA, SOPA, and RWA Legislation: Current Battlegrounds in the Intellectual
Property War 260
Table of Contents b xiii
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:2 Page 14
8.8.1 The PIPA and SOPA Battles 261
8.8.2 RWA and Public Access to Health-Related Information 261
Scenario 87: Elsevier Press and The Cost of Knowledge Boycott 262
8.8.3 Intellectual Property Battles in the Near Future 263
8.9 Chapter Summary 264
Review Questions 264
Discussion Questions 265
Essay/Presentation Questions 265
Scenarios for Analysis 265
Endnotes 266
References 267
Further Readings 268
c CHAPTER 9
REGULATING COMMERCE AND SPEECH IN CYBERSPACE 269
9.1 Background Issues and Some Preliminary Distinctions 270
9.1.1 The Ontology of Cyberspace: Is the Internet a Medium or a Place? 270
9.1.2 Two Categories of Cyberspace Regulation 271
9.2 Four Modes of Regulation: The Lessig Model 273
9.3 Digital Rights Management and the Privatization of Information Policy 274
9.3.1 DRM Technology: Implications for Public Debate on Copyright Issues 274
Scenario 91: The Sony Rootkit Controversy 275
9.3.2 Privatizing Information Policy: Implications for the Internet 276
9.4 The Use and Misuse of (HTML) Metatags and Web Hyperlinks 278
9.4.1 Issues Surrounding the Use/Abuse of HTML Metatags 278
Scenario 92: A Deceptive Use of HTML Metatags 279
9.4.2 Hyperlinking and Deep Linking 279
Scenario 93: Deep Linking on the Ticketmaster Web Site 280
9.5 E-Mail Spam 281
9.5.1 Defining Spam 281
9.5.2 Why Is Spam Morally Objectionable? 282
9.6 Free Speech vs. Censorship and Content Control in Cyberspace 284
9.6.1 Protecting Free Speech 284
9.6.2 Defining Censorship 285
9.7 Pornography in Cyberspace 286
9.7.1 Interpreting Community Standards in Cyberspace 286
9.7.2 Internet Pornography Laws and Protecting Children Online 287
9.7.3 Virtual Child Pornography 288
Scenario 94: A Sexting Incident Involving Greensburg Salem High School 290
9.8 Hate Speech and Speech that can Cause Physical Harm to Others 292
9.8.1 Hate Speech on the Web 292
9.8.2 Online Speech that Can Cause Physical Harm to Others 294
9.9 Network Neutrality and the Future of Internet Regulation 294
9.9.1 Defining Network Neutrality 295
9.9.2 Some Arguments Advanced by Net Neutralitys Proponents and Opponents 296
9.9.3 Future Implications for the Net Neutrality Debate 296
9.10 Chapter Summary 297
Review Questions 298
Discussion Questions 298
Essay/Presentation Questions 299
Scenarios for Analysis 299
Endnotes 300
xiv c Table of Contents
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:2 Page 15
References 300
Further Readings 301
c CHAPTER 10
THE DIGITAL DIVIDE, DEMOCRACY, AND WORK 303
10.1 The Digital Divide 304
10.1.1 The Global Digital Divide 304
10.1.2 The Digital Divide within Nations 305
Scenario 101: Providing In-Home Internet Service for Public School Students 306
10.1.3 Is the Digital Divide an Ethical Issue? 307
10.2 Cybertechnology and the Disabled 309
10.2.1 Disabled Persons and Remote Work 310
10.2.2 Arguments for Continued WAI Support 311
10.3 Cybertechnology and Race 312
10.3.1 Internet Usage Patterns 312
10.3.2 Racism and the Internet 313
10.4 Cybertechnology and Gender 314
10.4.1 Access to High-Technology Jobs 315
10.4.2 Gender Bias in Software Design and Video Games 317
10.5 Cybertechnology, Democracy, and Democratic Ideals 317
10.5.1 Has Cybertechnology Enhanced or Threatened Democracy? 318
10.5.2 How has Cybertechnology Affected Political Elections in
Democratic Nations? 322
10.6 The Transformation and the Quality of Work 324
10.6.1 Job Displacement and the Transformed Workplace 324
10.6.2 The Quality of Work Life in the Digital Era 328
Scenario 102: Employee Monitoring and the Case of Ontario v. Quon 329
10.7 Chapter Summary 331
Review Questions 332
Discussion Questions 332
Essay/Presentation Questions 333
Scenarios for Analysis 333
Endnotes 334
References 335
Further Readings 336
c CHAPTER 11
ONLINE COMMUNITIES, CYBER IDENTITIES, AND SOCIAL NETWORKS 337
11.1 Online Communities and Social Networking Services 337
11.1.1 Online Communities vs. Traditional Communities 337
11.1.2 Blogs in the Context of Online Communities 339
11.1.3 Assessing Pros and Cons of Online Communities 339
Scenario 111: A Virtual Rape in Cyberspace 342
11.2 Virtual Environments and Virtual Reality 343
11.2.1 What is Virtual Reality (VR)? 344
11.2.2 Ethical Controversies Involving Behavior in VR Applications and Games 345
11.2.3 Misrepresentation, Bias, and Indecent Representations in VR Applications 349
11.3 Cyber Identities and Cyber Selves: Personal Identity and Our Sense of Self
in the Cyber Era 351
11.3.1 Cybertechnology as a Medium of Self-Expression 352
11.3.2 MUD Selves and Distributed Personal Identities 352
11.3.3 The Impact of Cybertechnology on Our Sense of Self 353
11.4 AI and its Implications for What it Means to be Human 355
Table of Contents b xv
FTOC3GXML 10/20/2012 1:3:2 Page 16
11.4.1 What is AI? A Brief Overview 355
11.4.2 The Turing Test and John Searles Chinese Room Argument 357
11.4.3 Cyborgs and Human-Machine Relationships 358
Scenario 112: Artificial Children 361
11.4.4 Do (At Least Some) AI Entities Warrant Moral Consideration? 361
11.5 Chapter Summary 363
Review Questions 363
Discussion Questions 364
Essay/Presentation Questions 364
Scenarios for Analysis 365
Endnotes 365
References 366
Further Readings 367
c CHAPTER 12
ETHICAL ASPECTS OF EMERGING AND CONVERGING TECHNOLOGIES 368
12.1 Converging Technologies and Technological Convergence 368
12.2 Ambient Intelligence (AmI) and Ubiquitous Computing 369
12.2.1 Pervasive Computing 371
12.2.2 Ubiquitous Communication 371
12.2.3 Intelligent User Interfaces 371
12.2.4 Ethical and Social Issues in AmI 372
Scenario 121: E. M. Forsters Precautionary Tale 373
Scenario 122: Jeremy Benthams Panopticon 375
12.3 Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics 376
12.3.1 Computing and Genetic Machinery: Some Conceptual Connections 376
12.3.2 Ethical Issues and Controversies 376
Scenario 123: deCODE Genetics Inc. 377
12.3.3 ELSI Guidelines and Genetic-Specific Legislation 380
12.4 Nanotechnology and Nanocomputing 381
12.4.1 Nanotechnology: A Brief Overview 382
12.4.2 Optimistic vs. Pessimistic Views of Nanotechnology 383
12.4.3 Ethical Issues in Nanotechnology and Nanocomputing 386
12.5 Autonomous Machines and Machine Ethics 389
12.5.1 What is an Autonomous Machine (AM)? 390
12.5.2 Some Ethical and Philosophical Questions Involving AMs 393
12.5.3 Machine Ethics and Moral Machines 398
12.6 A Dynamic Ethical Framework for Guiding Research in New and Emerging
Technologies 402
12.6.1 Is an ELSI-Like Model Adequate for New/Emerging Technologies? 402
12.6.2 A Dynamic Ethics Model 403
12.7 Chapter Summary 404
Review Questions 404
Discussion Questions 405
Essay/Presentation Questions 405
Scenarios for Analysis 405
Endnotes 406
References 407
Further Readings 409
GLOSSARY 411
INDEX 417
xvi c Table of Contents
FPREF3GXML 10/20/2012 1:5:10 Page 17
c
PREFACE
As the digital landscape continues to evolve at a rapid pace, new variations of moral,
legal, and social concerns arise along with it. Not surprisingly, then, an additional cluster
of cyberethics issues has emerged since the publication of the previous edition of
Ethics and Technology in late 2009. Consider, for example, the ways in which Cloud-
based storage threatens the privacy and security of our personal data. Also consider the
increasing amount of personal data that social networking sites such as Facebook and
major search engine companies such as Google now collect. Should we worry about how
that information can be subsequently used? Should we also worry about the filtering
techniques that leading search engines now use to tailor or personalize the results of
our search queries based on profiles derived from information about our previous search
requests? Some analysts note that the current information-gathering/profiling practices
and techniques used in the commercial sector can also be adopted by governments, and
they point out that these practices could not only support the surveillance initiatives of
totalitarian governments but could also threaten the privacy of citizens in democratic
countries as well.
Also consider the impact that recent cyberwarfare activities, including the clan-
destine cyberattacks allegedly launched by some nation sates, could have for our
national infrastructure. Additionally, consider the national-security-related concerns
raised by the WikiLeaks controversy, which has also exacerbated an ongoing tension
