Geology Projects 5 & 6
Please answer project 1 and two separately
PROJECT 5
For project 5, please provide short answers for the following:
Explain how rocks respond to those stresses within the Earth’s crust by brittle, elastic, or plastic deformation, or by fracturing
Summarize how rocks become folded
Describe the conditions under which rocks fracture
Briefly describe the different types of faults, including normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip
Briefly describe the difference between strike and dip
Briefly describe the hydrological cycle
Describe a drainage basin and explain the origins of different types of drainage patterns
Explain how streams become graded
Describe the formation of stream terraces
Describe the processes by which sediments are moved by streams and the flow velocities that are necessary to erode them from the stream bed and keep them suspended in the water
Explain how natural stream levees form
Describe the types of environments where one would expect to find straight-channel, braided, and meandering streams
Explain some of the steps that we can take to limit the damage from flooding
Explain the concepts of porosity and permeability and the importance of these to groundwater storage and movement
Define aquifers, aquitards, confining layers, and the differences between confined and unconfined aquifers
Explain the concepts of hydraulic head, the water table, potentiometric surface, and hydraulic gradient
Describe the flow of groundwater from recharge areas to discharge areas
Describe how observation wells are used to monitor groundwater levels and the importance of protecting groundwater resources
Describe some of the ways that groundwater can become contaminated, and how contamination can be minimized
PROJECT 6
For project 6, please provide short answers for the following:
Explain how slope stability is related to slope angle
Explain what types of events can trigger mass wasting
Describe the main types of mass wasting – creep, slump, translational slide, rotational slide, fall, and debris flow or mudflow – in terms of the types of materials involved, the type of motion, and the likely rates of motion
Explain what steps we can take to delay mass wasting, and why we cannot prevent it permanently
Describe the timing and extent of Earth’s past glaciations, going as far back as the early Proterozoic
Explain the differences between continental and alpine glaciation
Summarize how snow and ice accumulate above the equilibrium line and are converted to ice
Explain how basal sliding and internal flow facilitate the movement of ice from the upper part to the lower part of a glacier
Describe and identify the various landforms related to alpine glacial erosion, including U- shaped valleys, aretes, cols, horns, hanging valleys, truncated spurs, drumlins, roches moutonees, glacial grooves, and striae
Identify various types of glacial lakes, including tarns, finger lakes, moraine lakes, and kettle lakes
Describe the nature and origins of lodgement till, ablation till, and glaciofluvial, glaciolacustrine, and glaciomarine sediments
Summarize the factors that control wave formation
Explain how water is disturbed beneath a wave, and how that affects the behavior of waves as they approach the shore
Describe the origins of longshore currents and longshore drift
Explain why some coasts are more affected by erosion than others and describe the formation of coastal erosional features, including stacks, arches, cliffs, and wave-cut platforms
Summarize the origins of beaches, spits, baymouth bars, tombolos, and barrier islands
Describe the origins of carbonate reefs
