Final Analysis of a Selected Test
This assignment is a culmination of the previous assignments you have completed during this course. In this assignment, you will synthesize your previous research as well as conduct research on the final element in the Code, Element 9. Element 9 states that a test user, “evaluate(s) the available evidence on the performance of test takers of diverse subgroups . . . determine(s) to the extent feasible which performance differences may have been caused by factors unrelated to the skills being assessed.” Together, the previous course assignments and this current one involving Element 9 will provide you with the data, research, and literature reviews across all nine elements of the Code to assist your decision-making process about the appropriate selection of a test.
For this final assignment:
Locate reviews or research related to how Element 9 applies to your selected test. If the research or reviews do not address this element in any way, then you will need to cite the references youreviewed and note that they were lacking in in addressing this element, drawing appropriate conclusions for when a test is lacking such evidence.
Synthesize all of the data and information you gathered on your selected test throughout the course and identify highlights, both positive and negative, both advantages and disadvantages, according to all nine elements of the Code. See the link in the resources about the Meaning of Synthesis.
Evaluate your selected test based on these data and draw a conclusion about whether it is a test that you would select, recommend, or even defend, if necessary in practice. Note: You should not merely copy and paste your earlier assignments for the final paper. Instead you will be synthesizing the research you completed for each element into a summary of that element that you will offer in support of your final evaluation. (For example, note that the technical quality element (that is, Element 5) will be only a synthesis and evaluation and not a repeat of the annotated bibliography you completed in Unit 5.)
Identify the strengths or weaknesses for each element, and determine if the information about that element supports (or opposes) the use of your selected test in the field and population to be served.
Incorporate recommendations about ways to improve the selected test.
Review all of your evaluations for each element and recommended improvements to the test, and write an overall evaluation and determination about the use of your selected test. Would you recommend this test to a school district or business that you are employed as a consultant? Would you be able to defend the use of this test in a court proceeding?
Instructions for the content of the paper are in the template located in the Resources. Write your assignment using the u09a1 Assignment Template [DOCX].
Additional Requirements
Your paper should meet the following requirements:
References: A minimum of nine references. These may include journal articles, literature reviews, MMYreviews, and publisher websites. At least five of the nine references must be from professional journals. It is likely and appropriate that many of these references and citations were included in one or more of your previous assignments. Alternatively, you may want to supplement your paper with current, peer-viewed journal articles you located after completing an earlier assignment. Those inclusions would also be acceptable.
Length of paper: At least six pages (not including title page, abstract, or references).
Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB)
Toni L. Hagen
Capella University
Introduction
Back in the day there wasnt nearly as many testing opportunities that we have today. Paper and pencil were the most common because there wasnt the technology to improve testing. NAB testing has gone from paper and pencil to using technology to not only benefit the individual administering the test but also the teste. Improvements have been made over the years to enhance findings and be able to treat people more appropriately. Test items and format has changed a long with materials needed, fairness, type of technology and many more.
Test Items and Format
The NAB test is comprehensive and adapted assessment that can combine strengths of both flexible and fixed battery, which this allows clinicians to focus on a specific area (Robert A. PhD. & Travis White, PhD., (2020). NAB test offers a variety of ways to be completed, an individual can buy a single kit instead of a package. There is also an option that allows for stand-alone purchases too (Robert A. PhD. & Travis White, PhD., (2020). The NAB test can be used for individuals from age 18-97, with formats of using a paper and pencil along with software (Robert A. PhD. & Travis White, PhD., (2020). Software that is recommended for the NAB test includes; a computer with windows 10,8,7, Vista, XP (SP3 or later) and Mac OS X v10.6 but doesnt work with Linux systems which can be a limitation for some (NAB, (2020). The NAB allows the latest version of Google Chrome, Firefox, Microsoft Edge and Safari 8 or higher. If someone is needing it traveling the NAB works with most IOS and Android devices (NAB, (2020). Some people can be concerned with what type of readers the NAB can be associated on a computer which it works with JAWS and most reader software (NAB, (2020).
When using the NAB even with pencil and paper or computer, the scores of the test are scored online. There are three types of scoring; primary, secondary, and descriptive. Primary uses a formal T scores (M=50, SD=10), this is the most important score for understanding performance. Primary scores understood by transforming the raw score to a z score then referencing the z score multiple different normative samples (Travis White, PhD. & Robert A. Stern, PhD., (2003). Secondary is focused on the percentiles by age groups and doesnt contribute to Module Index and total NAB index scores (Travis White, PhD. & Robert A. Stern, PhD., (2003). Descriptive is the last type of scores that uses cumulative percentages for overall sample (Travis White, PhD. & Robert A. Stern, PhD., (2003). Descriptive scores dont have significant reliability along with highly skewed distributions in healthy individuals ((Travis White, PhD. & Robert A. Stern, PhD., (2003). Computerized testing has made for more consistency all around, administration, able to differentiate between different neurological disorders, minimizes error, and its more controlled. NAB testing also uses virtual reality which gives the individual an opportunity to real life experience (Parsey, C. M., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013).
Fair and Appropriate Materials
Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education, is a guide for professionals to provide and use tests that are fair for all test takers regardless of age, gender, disability, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, linguistic background, and other personal characteristics (Lara Frumkin, PhD., (2020). NAB provides an online study guide for many materials you need to study for the test, along with tips to help study for exam (NAB, (2020). Resources for the NAB are only provided online, which can be an issue for some individuals that dont own a computer or internet or might not have access to either (NAB, (2020). Resources provide terms to study, some real-life scenarios and sampling practice questions (NAB, (2020). Everything is scored online so there cant be any bias towards soring. When testing smaller groups of individuals or sensitive data are involved, it could limit the amount of information provided (Travis White, PhD. & Robert A. Stern, PhD., (2003). A concern with fair and valid testing is its interpretation of scores from the process of testing. The process could produce construct-irrelevant variance in scores that lowers or raises scores (Travis White, PhD. & Robert A. Stern, PhD., (2003).
Other concerns that come up with NAB testing; lack of clarity in test instructions, unsuitable sampling of test content, unrelated items that are being measured, along with test response expectations or scoring criteria (Travis White, PhD. & Robert A. Stern, PhD., (2003).
Even though there are some concerns to fair and valid testing, there is opportunity to learn for the examinee when they have been exposed to instructions or experience. This can lead to fair and valid interpretations of test scores (Travis White, PhD. & Robert A. Stern, PhD., (2003). Depending on the information of the test, it can be a misinterpretation of material by different members of different groups, this can be offensive or emotionally disturbing for the examinee. To have appropriate fairness for individuals testing, administration, scoring procedures, development, and test design need to stay consistent in order to decrease barriers for a range of individuals and relevant subgroups (Travis White, PhD. & Robert A. Stern, PhD., (2003).
Use of Technology
Technology improvements for NAB testing has evolved into using computers for scoring, administrating, interpretation, efficiency, reliability and is cost efficient (Parsey, C. M., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013). Computer based testing has been able to obtain more information that involves behavior and cognitive findings, which helps find underlying cognitive performances (Parsey, C. M., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013). Computerized testing includes algorithms for future test items based off prior test performance which allows for precise assessment of cognitive limits (Parsey, C. M., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013). Algorithms also improve sensitivity to certain disorders by focuses on particular symptoms, which can improve differential diagnoses. NAB testing can diagnose a wide range of disorders including mild cognitive impairment, cognitive disorders, dementia, Parkinsons disease and traumatic brain injury. NAB testing allows for improvement of differentiating between different neurological disorders (Parsey, C. M., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013).
Synthesis of Findings
Major strengths that have improved over the years with NAB testing is the use of computers verses paper and pencil. Using computers have obtained supplemental cognitive and behavioral information and therefor have more comprehensive evaluations (Parsey, C. M., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013). Compared to paper and pencil, computer-based testing is informative for diagnosis/treatment, improved approach to testing, response latencies, and planning (Parsey, C. M., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013). Virtual reality allows for real-world performance and gain perspective on IADL performance in a safe and controlled environment. IADL performance has some limitations with self-report performance is subject to personal biases and the influence of cognitive awareness (Parsey, C. M., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013).
Conclusions and Recommendations
NAB testing has evolved over the years from paper and pencil to using technology to administer, score, diagnose, more controlled, minimize errors, interpretation, efficiency, reliability, and is cost-efficient. Research has shown more detailed diagnosis in cognitive and behavioral findings and has allowed for differentiating between diseases. Fairness and validity have also come a long with NAB testing due to it being more controlled and consistent.
References
Robert A. PhD. & Travis White, PhD., (2020). PAR, NAB Neuropsychological Assessment Battery. Retrieved from https://www.parinc.com/Products/Pkey/260
Travis White, PhD. & Robert A. Stern, PhD., (2003). NAB (Neuropsychological Assessment Battery), Psychometric and Technical Manual. Retrieved from https://www.parinc.com/webuploads/productinfo/nab/NAB_P&T_chap4.pdf
NAB, (2020). System Requirements. Retrieved from https://www.nab.com.au/nabc-content/nab-connect-help/getting-started/system-requirements
Lara Frumkin, PhD., (2020). Joint Committee on Testing Practices (JCTP), Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education. Retrieved from https://courseroomc.capella.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/PSY/PSY7610/200100/Course_Files/cf_code_fair_testing.pdf
Parsey, C. M., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2013). Applications of technology in neuropsychological assessment.The Clinical neuropsychologist,27(8), 13281361. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2013.834971 Psychological Testing
Toni L. Hagen
Capella University
Introduction
Back in the day there wasnt the resources to be able to detect mental disorders, typical childhood disorders, developmental and intellectual disorders, and many more. With all the technology and clinicians, we have so many resources to be able to detect a disability and mental illness much sooner now. Testing is very beneficial in many ways such as, children with education for instance. I suffer from ADHD and Dyslexia, so going through school as a child was extremely hard and I didnt like it at all. Starting college was a struggle and it still can be once in a while with not being able to focus. I wasnt diagnosed till I was 20 and the only reason I did is because I was on academic suspension and that wasnt the only time. I didnt understand why I couldnt just get good grades or understand the information. I talked to my counselor and my mom; I made an appointment to see a psychiatrist. I did two days of different kinds of testing, some on paper, couple on the computer and flashcards. After I got the results back and figured out what was going on things improved. I graduated with my bachelors in general psychology and currently now in my Graduate program in Clinical Psychology. I never thought I would ever be where I am today and am so thankful for testing.
Purpose for Testing, Content and Skills, and Intended Test Takers
Testing is very useful for many things. Not just in psychology but with everything such as; driving, eye tests, school tests, etc. The purpose of testing is so there is a definitive diagnosis of psychiatric conditions and prescriptive protocols in order for the client to be able to identify strengths and weaknesses to become successful (Neuro Assessment & Development Center, (2020). Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) is a comprehensive and conformed assessment that offers the combined strengths of both flexible and fixed battery to all clinicians to focus on specific areas of concern (Robert A. Stern, PhD, and Travis White, PhD, (2020). There are 33 NAB tests that has two equivalent, parallel forms that were created and normed simultaneously to facilitate reevaluation while avoiding practice effects (Robert A. Stern, PhD, and Travis White, PhD, (2020). NAB has five domain-specific modules and includes a Daily Living test. A Daily Living test is intended to be multifactorial in nature and related to real-world tasks (Robert A. Stern, PhD, and Travis White, PhD, (2020). Daily Living test evaluates; auditory and reading comprehension, simple calculations, problem-solving, and decisional capacity (Robert A. Stern, PhD, and Travis White, PhD, (2020). Five domain-specific modules of NAB; Attention, Language, Memory, Spatial, and Executive Functions (Robert A. Stern, PhD, and Travis White, PhD, (2020). There also is a sixth domain module, Screening, which allows a clinician to determine which of the five other domains are appropriate to administer to a certain client (Robert A. Stern, PhD, and Travis White, PhD, (2020).
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales 3rd Edition is the leading instrument for supporting the diagnosis of intellectual and developmental disabilities. This type of test isnt just used for diagnosis but provides crucial information for developing educational and treatment plans (Sara S. Sparrow, PhD, Domenic V. Cicchetti, PhD, Celine A. Saulnier, PhD, (2020).
NEPSY 2nd Edition is the only single measure that allows clinicians to create tailored assessments across six domains, specific to a childs situation (Marit Korkman, Ph.D., Ursula Kirk, Ph.D., Sally Kemp, Ph.D., (2020). This type of test provides information relating to typical childhood disorders, enabling accurate diagnosis and intervention planning for success in school and at home (Marit Korkman, Ph.D., Ursula Kirk, Ph.D., Sally Kemp, Ph.D., (2020).
Appropriateness of Test Content, Skills Tests, and Content Coverage
NAB testing has been a standardized test used for individuals from ages 18 to 97 (Gavett B.E. (2011). This type of testing is either fixed or flexible capacity (Gavett B.E. (2011). Attention Module provides a marker a persons attentional capacity, working memory, psychomotor speed, selective attention, divided attention, and information processing speed (Gavett B.E. (2011). Language Module provided a marker of the severity of aphasia and related disorders of language production, comprehension, and word-finding. Spatial Module provides a marker of the examinees visuoperceptual skills, attention to visual detail, visuoconsruction, right-left orientation, topographical orientation, and visual scanning (Gavett B.E. (2011). Memory Module uses a persons verbal explicit learning, visual explicit learning, verbal delayed free recall, visual delayed recognition memory, and verbal explicit learning and recognition of information (Gavett B.E. (2011). Executive Functions Module uses planning, engaging with others effectively, problem solving, successfully interacting with the environment to get ones needs met, judgement, conceptualization, cognitive response set, mental flexibility, verbal fluency, and generativity (Gavett B.E. (2011). Lastly Screening Module streamlines the assessment process by providing scores that quickly let you know whether further assessment should be conducted (Gavett B.E. (2011).
Materials Provided by Test Developers
NAB testing kits include video training program DVD and the NAB-SP, NAB Form 1 kit, NAB screening kit, and four NAB manuals (Gavett B.E. (2011).
Test-User Knowledge, Skills, and Training
When it comes to testing, not just any individual is allowed to hand out or give tests to anyone. For some test as a psychologist with a masters degree but most require a PhD or PsyD from an accredited college. Also, the individual needs to have the correct licensure. Minnesota requires completion of a 72-quarter credit master’s degree in counseling or a related field. Applicants must align their coursework to meet content areas. Learners will need to choose either PSY6505 or PSY6510 to meet the Family Counseling and Therapy content area. Learners will need to add a minimum of 100 hours to their supervised field experience to meet the hour’s requirement.
State boards review each applicant’s completed education, exam scores, supervised experience, criminal history, and application materials to determine eligibility.
Comparisons and Contrasts of the Three Tests
All three tests have very different ways of what the outcome is for testing. Not one test is better than the other but could work better for certain types of disorders/disabilities. For instance, I would use the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales 3rd Edition for testing developmental/intellectual disorders but could also use the NAB for attention. Tests are used for many different things, but some tests show more detailed results than others.
References
Neuro Assessment & Development Center, (2020). Psychological & Neuropsychological Testing. Retrieved from https://www.neurodevelop.com/psychological_testing#:~:text=Psychological%20Testing%20(Assessment)&text=The%20purpose%20of%20psychological%20testing,awareness)%2C%20and%20become%20successful.
Robert A. Stern, PhD, and Travis White, PhD, (2020). PAR. NAB, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery. Retrieved from https://www.parinc.com/Products/Pkey/260
(Sara S. Sparrow, PhD, Domenic V. Cicchetti, PhD, Celine A. Saulnier, PhD, (2020). Pearson. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Third Edition. Retrieved from https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Behavior/Adaptive/Vineland-Adaptive-Behavior-Scales-%7C-Third-Edition/p/100001622.html?tab=pricing-%2526-ordering&gclid=Cj0KCQjwgo_5BRDuARIsADDEntSuAya8mwQmhKN1OhY0F4R_N-u92ChkY2xwe2lHPUCXqBnj9C7qONUaAlRKEALw_wcB
(Marit Korkman, Ph.D., Ursula Kirk, Ph.D., Sally Kemp, Ph.D., (2020). Pearson. NEPSY Second Edition. Retrieved from https://www.pearsonassessments.com/store/usassessments/en/Store/Professional-Assessments/Academic-Learning/Brief/NEPSY-%7C-Second-Edition/p/100000584.html
Gavett B.E. (2011). Neuropsychological Assessment Battery. In: Kreutzer J.S., DeLuca J., Caplan B. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_2250
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Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB)
Toni L. Hagen
Capela University
Introduction
When it comes to neuropsychology, concentration and memory issues are some of the most common complaints presented to the neuropsychologist, (Bowler, Rosemarie M. (2017).
Being able to utilize all these tests are very helpful in treatment and understanding of neuro issues but it is very important to use a test that is backed up with reliability or validity. NAB testing is going to be able to validity in cognitive changes with a variety of topics to test.
Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB)
For this article it focuses on the study of validity of self-reported concentration and memory problems in individuals exposed to manganese (Mn). The individuals that were assessed for testing were mainly white, aged from 30-64. NAB testing is used in this article to address the neurotoxic effects of air-Mn in residents living near a ferromanganese (Bowler, Rosemarie M. (2017). Patients for this study completed a health questionnaire along with a psychiatric symptom inventory (Bowler, Rosemarie M. (2017). The questionnaire consisted of using (Yes or No) with individuals experiencing difficulty concentrating or trouble remembering things. This type of test is a 5-point scale system that addresses how much the issue has bothered or distressed the individual. With numbers of bivariate correlations examined, adjustments for multiple comparisons were made using the Benjamin-Hochberg false analysis to provide a more insignificant hypothesis test (Bowler, Rosemarie M. (2017). Strengths regarding this test include; strict exclusion criteria, administered by highly trained psychometricians, and restricted age range 30-64 years which minimizes the possibility of a bias selection (Bowler, Rosemarie M. (2017). Limitations of this study were found in the lack of personality measures to be able to measure long-term personality traits that help with results of their cognitive abilities (Bowler, Rosemarie M. (2017). Being able to understand these personalities better would be able to better determine depression and anxiety among cognitive impairment. There also had been no data collection between 2009 and 2011 that would have been helpful with test results when the collection started in 2011 (Bowler, Rosemarie M. (2017). Furthermore, this test concluded that alder individuals along with middle-aged people, appear to misunderstand their actual levels of cognitive dysfunction (Bowler, Rosemarie M. (2017).
NAB is also used in early detection of Alzheimers Disease (AD), which causes rapid decline in non-memory cognitive domains and later leads to deterioration of most or all aspects of cognitive functioning (Gavett, B. E., Ozonoff, A.L., Doktor, V., Palmisano, J., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., Stern, R. A. (2010). NAB testing is used in order to catch this disease earlier so the individual can use therapeutic agents to help modify the disease course of AD (Gavett, B. E., Ozonoff, A.L., Doktor, V., Palmisano, J., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., Stern, R. A. (2010). Individuals chosen for this study were taken from a longitudinal research registry on aging and dementia from the Boston University Alzheimers Disease Core Center (Gavett, B. E., Ozonoff, A.L., Doktor, V., Palmisano, J., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., Stern, R. A. (2010). For this study people were divided into three different groups based off their NAB listing learning test performance (Gavett, B. E., Ozonoff, A.L., Doktor, V., Palmisano, J., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., Stern, R. A. (2010). Age, sex, and education were demographically corrected with T-scores from the NAB were entered into the ordinal regression algorithm, which returns probability values for the suspected diagnoses of control, MCI, and AD (Gavett, B. E., Ozonoff, A.L., Doktor, V., Palmisano, J., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., Stern, R. A. (2010). The three groups that were assigned had 167 participants in a controlled group, 58 in an MCI group, and 26 to an AD group. Time 0 is baseline which control group had 84%, MCI resulted at 50.1% and AD was 85.7% (Gavett, B. E., Ozonoff, A.L., Doktor, V., Palmisano, J., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., Stern, R. A. (2010). Six types of variables were chosen; NAB measures episodes of memory, WAIS-R measures intelligence, Digit Symbol Coding to measure attention and processing speed, VOT measuring visuospatial functioning, and Trial Making Test-Part measuring executive functioning (Gavett, B. E., Ozonoff, A.L., Doktor, V., Palmisano, J., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., Stern, R. A. (2010). These six variables were chosen due to the fact they provide a valid representation of each cognitive domain (Gavett, B. E., Ozonoff, A.L., Doktor, V., Palmisano, J., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., Stern, R. A. (2010). Longitudinal regression models were used to differentiate the change of rate over three annual time points (Gavett, B. E., Ozonoff, A.L., Doktor, V., Palmisano, J., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., Stern, R. A. (2010). During the process of reading this article, it doesnt go into detail of why the NAB testing is more valid than others.
Susac syndrome is a rare condition that hits that encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusion, and sensorineural hearing loss (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). The study was conducted on a male 21 years of age that showed severe encephalopathy and later showed more of Susac symptoms (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). The man started presenting with worsening symptoms; confusion, anxiety, panic attacks, migrainous headaches, and collapses (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). Routine exams were done and responses to simple questions slow and sometimes nonsensical, wasnt able to complete a three-stage command, and focus on person and place were poor (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). Routine blood draws were done to check CBC levels to tumor markers and anti-neuronal antibodies along with MR brain imaging to tract abnormalities (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). NAB testing was conducted prior to giving the man an immunosuppressive regimen with six intravenous cyclophosphamide infusions 3 weekly intervals (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). Mycophenolate mofetil was given along with other treatment regimens, the steroid therapy was weaned down to none over a 6-month time frame (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). To monitor systems, the patient was admitted to 6-month stay at a rehabilitation center, along with outpatient occupational therapy. After 12 months patient showed improvement to levels of functioning, enabling the patient to be able to return to the university (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). During that time cognitive screening was conducted, results of ACE-R score of 54/100 and using NAB testing. NAB and RBANS showed almost the same results overall scores of 60 and 61(Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). Results showed patient was deficit in language, attention, delayed recall, and visuospatial processing, following these results additional testing was done and showed impaired verbal fluency and cognitive flexibility (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). The patient had a follow up two years later and showed improved results; baseline scores are in parentheses (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019).
List Learning A (Immed Recall)
33 (24)
4 (<1) Mildly-to-moderately impaired List Learning B (Immed Recall) 47 38 Average List Learning A (Short Delay) 35 (23) 7 (<1) Mildly impaired List Learning A (Long Delay) 31 (25) 3 (1) Mildly-to-moderately impaired Shape Learning (Immed Recog) 35 (24) 7 (<1) Mildly impaired Shape Learning (Delayed Recog) 41 (20) 20 (<1) Below average Digits Forward 51 (35) 54 (7) Average Digits Backwards 58 (33) 79 (4) Above average Dots 29 (31) 2 (3) Moderately impaired Reflecting on the data given, the assessment was over-inclusive with the focus to collect data for a rare condition which there is minimal neuropsychological data (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). NAB and RBANS showed very similar scores at baseline and total scores at follow-up. Both these tests are able to diagnose an overall level of cognitive impairment but the nature of NAB makes it easier to understand deficit and interpreting the context of intellectual ability (Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). NAB was developed by Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimers disease to assess cognitive deficits in Alzheimers disease (AD), Luck, Tobias (2018). The NAB test focuses on change in memory, language, praxis and general intellectual status along with being able to examine deficits throughout the course of the disease (Luck, Tobias (2018). Starting from a baseline, data was collected from 10,000 random German-speaking individuals ranging in age from 40-79. All participants went through verbal fluency test, and animals and trail making test, individuals 60+ years were administered the NAB testing (Luck, Tobias (2018). Testing focused on verbal fluency test-animals, mini-mental state examination, word list learning, word list recall, word list recognition, constructional praxis copying, constructional praxis recall, trail making test and verbal fluency test (Luck, Tobias (2018). NAB test was taken in order to collect data on a group of individuals and using all that data for information. Including the other tests, has improved the overall information provided and researchers are able to understand/collect more data. A table is shown with NAB results, (Luck, Tobias (2018). Results have shown that age, sex, and education need to be measured to have an accurate interpretation of dementia-free adults cognitive performance (Luck, Tobias (2018). It is difficult to compare NAB values with already available reference values. This is due to the fact that reference values are categorized differently across studies. NAB results are reliant on inclusion and exclusion criteria for the selection of calculating the reference values. Exclusion data was different compared to other research data, NAB testing is more sensitive because it is stricter being able to have more accurate results (Luck, Tobias (2018). Conclusion Reviewing different articles, using NAB testing is very beneficial when studying cognitive functioning and following the effects Alzheimers disease. NAB testing made it easier to track the deficits within individuals and thus being able to minimize symptoms and slow down deterioration. NAB testing consists of six modules, a screening module and five domain specific modules: attention, language, memory, spatial and executive forms. Having multiple domains to use allows NAB testing to be more flexible with testing and allowing for more detailed results. References Bowler, Rosemarie M. (2017). "Validity of self-reported concentration and memory problems: Relationship with neuropsychological assessment and depression".Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology(1380-3395), 39 (10), p. 1026. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.library.capella.edu/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=74fbe5c1-8bfb-47fb-acea-cfcd09cf1a7c%40pdc-v-sessmgr03&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=aph&AN=126023020 Gavett, B. E., Ozonoff, A.L., Doktor, V., Palmisano, J., Nair, A. K., Green, R. C., Stern, R. A. (2010). Predicting cognitive decline and conversion to alzheimer's disease in older adults using the NAB list learning test.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS,16(4), 651-60. doi:http://dx.doi.org.library.capella.edu/10.1017/S135561771000042. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.library.capella.edu/docview/504850741?https://library.capella.edu/login?url=accountid=27965&pq-origsite=summon Barritt, Andrew W. (01/02/2019). "Neuropsychological ou
