Epidemiology Paper
Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to “Communicable Disease Chain,” “Chain of Infection,” and the CDC website for assistance when completing this assignment.
Communicable Disease Selection
Chickenpox
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Mononucleosis
Hepatitis B
HIV
Ebola
Measles
Polio
Influenza
Epidemiology Paper Requirements
Describe the chosen communicable disease, including causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment, and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to, etc.
Describe the social determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.
Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. Are there any special considerations or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-up) and why demographic data are necessary to the health of the community.
Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organizations contribute to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
Discuss a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area? Provide an example.
A minimum of three peer-reviewed or professional references is required.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.
Course Code Class Code
NRS-428VN NRS-428VN-IO1272
Criteria Percentage
Content 80.0%
Comprehensive DescripEon of a Communicable
Disease and the Demographic of Interest 10.0%
Determinants of Health and ExplanaEon of How
Determinants Contribute to Disease Development 10.0%
Epidemiologic Triangle (Host Factors, Agent Factors,
and Environmental Factors 20.0%
Role of the Community Health Nurse and
Importance of Demographic Data 20.0%
NaEonal Agency or OrganizaEon That Works to
Addresses Communicable Disease 10.0%
Global ImplicaEon 10.0%
OrganizaEon, EffecEveness, and Format 20.0%
1
Thesis Development and Purpose 5.0%
Argument Logic and ConstrucEon 5.0%
Mechanics of WriEng (includes spelling,
punctuaEon, grammar, language use) 5.0%
Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the
major and assignment) 2.0%
DocumentaEon of Sources (citaEons, footnotes,
references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to
assignment and style) 3.0%
Total Weightage 100%
2
Assignment Title
Epidemiology Paper
UnsaEsfactory (0.00%)
Demographic of interest and clinical descripEon are omi^ed or
presented with many inaccuracies.
DescripEon of the determinants of health and their role in disease
development is omi^ed or presented with many inaccuracies.
DescripEon of the epidemiologic triangle is omi^ed or presented
with many inaccuracies.
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is omi^ed
or unclear. An explanaEon of why demographic data are
necessary to community health is omi^ed or unclear.
Agency and descripEon of contribuEon are omi^ed.
Global implicaEon of the disease is omi^ed or unclear.
3
Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.
Statement of purpose is not jusEfied by the conclusion. The
conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is
incoherent and uses noncredible sources.
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede
communicaEon of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or
sentence construcEon is used.
Template is not used appropriately, or documentaEon format is
rarely followed correctly.
Sources are not documented.
4
Total Points
125.0
Less Than SaEsfactory (80.00%)
Limited and/or vague summary of demographic of interest and
communicable disease is provided. Overview does not offer a
clear representaEon of informaEon necessary for epidemiological
study.
Paper parEally describes the determinants of health in relaEon to
disease development.
The communicable disease is described with some inaccuracies
within the epidemiologic triangle. A visual descripEon of the
factors and interacEon is not present.
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is vague,
with no integraEon of case finding, reporEng, data collecEng, data
analysis, or follow-up skills. An incomplete explanaEon of why
demographic data are necessary to community health is provided.
An agency or organizaEon is idenEfied, but discussion is vague or
inaccurate in relaEon to the communicable disease chosen.
A discussion of the global implicaEon of the disease is vague, with
no integraEon of how this is addressed in other countries or
cultures and if the disease is endemic to a parEcular area. An
example is not provided.
5
Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear.
Sufficient jusEficaEon of claims is lacking. Argument lacks
consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some
sources have quesEonable credibility.
Frequent and repeEEve mechanical errors distract the reader.
Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are
present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.
Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing or
mistaken. A lack of control with formadng is apparent.
DocumentaEon of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as
appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formadng
errors.
6
SaEsfactory (88.00%)
Overview of the demographic of interest and clinical descripEon
of the communicable disease is presented with some inaccuracies
of the clinical descriptors.
Paper idenEfies the determinants of health in relaEon to the
communicable disease selected but does not include an
explanaEon of their role in the development of disease.
The communicable disease is described accurately and clearly
within the context of the epidemiologic triangle.
Discussion of the role of the community health nurses is limited,
with a brief overview of skills associated with community
assessment and planning. An explanaEon of why demographic
data are necessary to community health is summarized.
An agency or organizaEon is idenEfied, but discussion regarding
efforts to address communicable disease is lacking.
A discussion of the global implicaEon of the disease is limited,
with some integraEon of how this is addressed in other countries
or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a parEcular area. An
example is provided.
7
Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.
Argument is orderly but may have a few inconsistencies. The
argument presents minimal jusEficaEon of claims. Argument
logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used
are credible. IntroducEon and conclusion bracket the thesis.
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not
overly distracEng to the reader. Correct and varied sentence
structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.
Appropriate template is used. Formadng is correct, although
some minor errors may be present.
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style,
although some formadng errors may be present.
8
Good (92.00%)
Clinical descripEon of the communicable disease and
demographic of interest is provided. Summary is brief but
accurate.
Paper describes each determinant of health with a
comprehensive discussion of their contribuEon to disease
development and progression.
The communicable disease is described accurately within the
context of the epidemiologic triangle. A brief descripEon of
factors and interacEon is presented.
Discussion of the role of community health nurse is clear, with a
comprehensive descripEon of skills associated with community
assessment and planning. An explanaEon of why demographic
data are necessary to community health is presented.
An agency or organizaEon is idenEfied, but discussion regarding
efforts to address communicable disease is brief.
A discussion of the global implicaEon of the disease is clear, with
a comprehensive descripEon of how this is addressed in other
countries or cultures and if the disease is endemic to a parEcular
area. An example is provided.
9
Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis
is descripEve and reflecEve of the arguments and appropriate to
the purpose.
Argument shows logical progression. Techniques of
argumentaEon are evident. There is a smooth progression of
claims from introducEon to conclusion. Most sources are
authoritaEve.
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be
present. The writer uses a variety of effecEve sentence structures
and figures of speech.
Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually no errors in
formadng style.
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style,
and format is mostly correct.
10
Excellent (100.00%) Comments
Overview describing the demographic of interest and clinical
descripEon of the communicable disease is presented with a
thorough, accurate, and clear overview of all of the clinical
descriptors.
Paper comprehensively discusses the determinants of health in
relaEon to the communicable disease, explains their contribuEon
to disease development, and provides evidence to support main
points.
The communicable disease is described thoroughly, accurately,
and clearly within an epidemiological triangle. A visual descripEon
of the triangle and how the components of the model interact is
included.
Discussion of the role of the community health nurse is clear,
comprehensive, and inclusive of the community nurse’s
responsibiliEes to primary, secondary, and terEary prevenEon
through tasks such as case finding, reporEng, data collecEon and
analysis, and follow-up. A clear explanaEon of the importance of
demographic data to community health is presented.
An agency or organizaEon is idenEfied. A clear and accurate
descripEon of efforts to address communicable disease is offered.
A discussion of the global implicaEon of the disease is clear,
comprehensive, and inclusive with a comprehensive descripEon
of how this is addressed in other countries or cultures and if the
disease is endemic to a parEcular area. An example is provided.
11
Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper.
Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
Clear and convincing argument presents a persuasive claim in a
disEncEve and compelling manner. All sources are authoritaEve.
Writer is clearly in command of standard, wri^en, academic
English.
All format elements are correct.
Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate
to assignment and style, and format is free of error.
12
Points Earned
13
14 Communicable Disease Chain
2011. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
Infectious Agent
Microbes All Types
Pathogenicity
Invasiveness
Virulence
Infective Dose
Resistance
Reservoirs
Humans
Animals
Plant/Soil
Portal of Exit
Respiratory
Integumentary
Blood
GI
Sexual
Means of Transmission
Direct
Indirect
Susceptible Host
Defense Mechanisms
Immunity
o Natural
o Artificial
Portal of Re-entry
Same as Exit Submission Ide: 4293cde8-e224-429d-92a6-8da62cebc95c
15% SIMILARITY SCORE 15 CITATION ITEMS 28 GRAMMAR ISSUES 0 FEEDBACK COMMENT
Internet Source 13%
Institution 2%
Heydis Ferrer
TuberculosisDisease.docx
Summary
2341 Words
1
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Description of Tuberculosis Disease
Tuberculosis is a contagious communicable disease that usually affects the lungs of the
infected persons. If not treated rapidly, the infection can be spread to other body parts such as spine
Spelling mistake: Heydis Hades
Tuberculosis Disease
Name: Heydis Ferrer
Grand Canyon University
Course: NRS-428VN
Date: 12/20/2020
and brain. Tuberculosis disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium. The
bacterium is transmitted from one person to another when an infected person sneezes or coughs
and another person inhale the droplets containing it (Pai et al., 2016). However, tuberculosis
disease is not as contagious as flu or cold, although it is spread in a similar way. It is transmitted
when an individual spends a prolonged period in close contact with an infected person. For
instance, tuberculosis disease is mostly transmitted between family members living together in the
same house but is unlikely to be transmitted between people sited together in public transport.
Besides, not everyone suffering from TB is infectious. Persons with TB infections occurring
outside the lungs commonly referred to as extrapulmonary TB and children do not spread the
disease.
In healthy individuals, the immune system can destroy mycobacterium tuberculosis, the
bacteria that cause tuberculosis disease. In some cases, the individual does not show any symptoms
after infection by the bacteria. This condition is known as latent TB. However, the infection starts
to cause notable symptoms after some time, maybe weeks or even years, becoming an active TB.
About ten per cent of persons with latent TB eventually develop active TB some years after the
first infection. The symptoms are usually detected within one or two years after infection when the
immune system becomes weak. Therefore, only active TB shows symptoms of infections in the
body. These symptoms include coughing that persists more than one month, blood stained cough,
chest pains usually when coughing or breathing, loss of appetite, fever, fatigue, unintentional
weight loss, chills and night sweats. As mention earlier, tuberculosis infection can also infect other
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body parts such as brain, spine and kidneys. The symptoms vary depending on the body organs
infected. For instance, tuberculosis infection in the kidneys might cause bloodstains in the urine,
while that of the spine might cause back pains.
During diagnosis, the doctor usually checks patients’ lymph nodes for any swelling. The
doctor then uses a stethoscope to carefully listen to the patient’s lungs’ sounds as they breathe. The
most frequently applied tuberculosis diagnostic method is a simple skin test. A slight quantity of
PPD tuberculin element is injected underneath the skin of inside forearm of the patient. The
medical care professional checks the patient’s arm for swelling within 48 to 72 hours. If there is a
raised, hard red bump at the injection site, the patient will likely be infected with TB. However,
blood tests are currently widely used in testing for TB infections. The blood tests are used to rule
out or to confirm the presence of active or latent TB. These tests apply an advanced and
sophisticated technology to measure the reaction of a persons immune system to tuberculosis
bacteria.
Medications are the primary mechanism for tuberculosis treatment. However, treatment of
TB usually takes longer than other bacterial infections. For active TB, the patient must take
antibiotics for a period of six to nine months. The duration of treatment and exact drugs depend
on the body part infected, possible drug resistance, overall health and age of the patient
(Churchyard et al., 2017). The most commonly used medications include isoniazid, rifampin,
Passive voice: disease is caused by
Possible wordiness: in a similar way
Spelling mist…: extrapulmonar… extra pulmona…
Spelling mistake: mycobacterium
Web Content: http://vaccinetruth.org/tb-testing.html
Web Content: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factseries/exposure_eng.htm
Web Content: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351256
currently: currently now
Web Content: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351256
Web Content: https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/tuberculosis-is-a-leading-cause-of-death-globally-here-are-4-myths-about-the-disease/story-ZlEitLnMYFlGn93CAT2rbK.html
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University
Web Content: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351256
Student: Submitted to Grand Canyon University
ethambutol and pyrazinamide. In case the patient has drug-resistant TB, a combination of
injectable medications and fluoroquinolones antibiotics are used for a period of at least 20 t0 30
m0nths. Tuberculosis disease can cause complications in the body such as joint damage, lung
damage, damage or infection of the bones, kidney or liver problems, and inflammation of the
tissues around the patients heart.
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Determinants of Health
Tobacco and alcohol
Tobacco has a great impact on tuberculosis infection. Passive and active tobacco smoking
activities are the main risk factors that contribute to latent TB progression to active TB infections
and increase the risk of contracting TB. Also, tobacco smoking reduces the rate of TB treatment
success, hence increasing the mortality rate. According to Thomas et al. (2019), there exists a close
connection between tobacco smoking and tuberculosis infection. Tobacco smoking negatively
influences the patients response to treatment and increases the risk of relapse.
Furthermore, passive smoking increases the risk of contracting TB infection, especially in
children. Smoking cessation is usually associated with higher cure rates as compared to smokers.
Therefore, smoking cessation programs are recommended as part of TB control and treatment
plans. On the other hand, there is a causal relation between TB and heavy alcohol consumption.
According to Thomas et al. (2019), approximately seventeen per cent of TB cases could be
prevented if there was no heavy alcohol consumption. Besides, about 15% of the total fatalities
could be prevented if the Patients were not involved in heavy drinking. Alcohol abuse is usually
associated with severe and more contagious manifestations of TB infections. Diagnosis of an
alcohol-related disorder and consumption of more than 40g of ethanol per day has been proven to
increase the risk of TB infection. Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with the cavitary
disease, poor adherence, increased drug toxicity, greater risk of smear-positivity, and death due to
tuberculosis disease.
Poverty
5
Spelling mistake: isoniazid ionized
Spelling mistake: rifampin vitamin
Spelling mistake: ethambutol
Spelling mistake: pyrazinamide
Spelling mistake: injectable inject able
Spelling mistake: fluoroquinolones
on the other hand (…: On the other hand But
Spelling mistake: cavitary cavity
Spelling mistake: smear-positivity
Passive voice: It is evident that
There exists a symbiotic relationship between poverty and TB. Tuberculosis disease
infection is not only caused by poverty but also results in poverty of infected households.
Therefore, fighting poverty and TB together is essential to reduce the global burden of the disease.
It is evident that the poorer the individual or community, the greater the risk of contracting
tuberculosis. Poor nutrition, lack of primary health services and inadequate living standards among
the poor communities enhance the spread of TB infection and its impact upon the community.
6
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the agent factor) is transmitted from an infected person (the host
factor) through respiratory exposure in public gatherings, communal or family settings (the
environment factor). Individuals with a weak immune system, especially those with underlying
conditions such as HIV/AIDS, corticosteroid therapy, diabetes mellitus, and cancer are at a greater
risk of being infected with tuberculosis. However, even individuals with a healthy immune system
can also contract the disease, especially when in close contact with an infected individual for a
prolonged time. Therefore, to prevent the rapid spread of mycobacterium tuberculosis from the
host to other healthy individuals, infected individuals and those with similar systems should not
interact too closely with other people. Since the agent is airborne, the environment factor is
fundamental in controlling its transmission from the host to other susceptible persons. Besides,
early diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals are crucial in preventing the spread of
tuberculosis in the community. The environmental factors that influence tuberculosis’s spread
include overcrowding, poor diet, poverty, homelessness, and lack of adequate quality healthcare
facilities.
Special considerations and notification should be put in place when an individual infected
with tuberculosis is travelling abroad. The state TB control officials should notify the destination
country officials concerning the infected person’s travel plans. Notifying their counterparts is to
ensure continuity of care and necessary treatment of the person with tuberculosis. The patient
should be advised about seek medical care in the destination country to help in ongoing care. Also,
enough anti-TB drugs should be prescribed or dispensed to last until the supply can be refilled to
avoid a break in treatment.
Web Content: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._tuberculosis
Spelling mistake: corticosteroid
Spelling mistake: mycobacterium
Spelling mistake: travelling traveling
be advised: be advised
Lack of good quality healthcare facilities is common in poor communities, which delays diagnosis
and treatment of the disease, hence perpetuating its spread. Besides, inadequate diet and poor
nutrition associated with poor communities weaken the immune system and increase tuberculosis
infection risk.
Epidemiologic triangle
An epidemiological triangle is a tool that consists of host factors, agent factors and
environmental factors used to evaluate the spread of a disease in a community. It is applicable in
identifying intervention points to prevent further transmission of the infection in the community.
The agent factor in tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is the causal agent of
tuberculosis and belongs to pathogenic bacteria species and Mycobacteriaceae family. The
physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is greatly aerobic, therefore requires high amounts of
oxygen. Also, it reproduces gradually and is hypersensitive to UV light and heat. Tuberculosis
mainly infects the lungs, but can also affect reproductive organs, lymph nodes, pericardium,
Menges, joints, bones and kidneys.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted from one person to another through airborne
droplets that are ejected from an infected person (the host) through coughing or sneezing.
Role of the Community Health Nurse
7
8
community should be a priority of the community health nurse. They should keep accurate data
about the spread of TB in the community, and individuals under treatment for easy follow up.
USAID Role in Addressing Tuberculosis
USAID is the leading organization supporting the United States government efforts to
address TB disease globally. The organization works closely with governments, other
organizations and agencies globally to reach every individual infected with TB, cure the patients
in need of treatment, and prevent further spread of new infections. USAID is working to support
countries globally to attain the global targets of diagnosing and enrolling forty million individuals
Web Content: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/corecurr/pdf/chapter8.pdf
Passive voice: services are usually provi…
Spelling mistake: speciality specialty
Web Content: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/corecurr/pdf/chapter8.pdf
accurate: accurate right
Controlling and preventing the spread of tuberculosis is a primary responsibility of the
local and state health departments. Tuberculosis control is a complex process that requires the
effective collaboration of various organizations, institutions and individuals inside and outside the
public health sector. A community health nurse is one of the most critical individuals responsible
for controlling tuberculosis spread in the community. A community health nurse’s primary role is
contact investigation, diagnostic and clinical services for TB patients and their contacts, training
and education, and data collection and management.
Community health nurse is responsible for ensuring that patients with confirmed or
suspected tuberculosis infection have access to quality diagnostic and treatment services. These
services are usually provided by locally supported and state TB speciality facilities, which are
staffed by contracted service providers or health department professionals. However, individuals
infected with TB can seek medical care in private medical facilities. A community health nurse
has the responsibility of ensuring that TB patients access quality care regardless of where the
individual patent seeks medical care. Therefore, the nurse should maintain a close relationship
with state, local, and private health facilities to ensure treatment and care standards are met.
Second, a community health nurse is responsible for providing education and training to the
community that they represent. The training should cover various aspects of the disease such as
symptoms, transmission and ways to prevent it, and taking care of TB patients. The nurse should
develop programs to educate community members, healthcare providers and other public health
officials on TB control and prevention. Third, the nurse is responsible for case finding. The nurse
must regularly conduct investigations to identify individuals infected with TB for timely treatment
and isolation when necessary. Lastly, the collection and management of data related to TB in the
on TB treatment procedure, and further thirty million persons on TB preventive therapy the year
2022. To achieve these targets, USAID adopted a new tuberculosis business model known as the
global accelerator to end TB (Nieburg & Jackson, 2016). The accelerator was established to
improve investments from private and public sectors to end the tuberculosis epidemic globally.
The accelerator also seeks to build local capacity and commitment to accomplish the goals set
forward at the UNHLM. It mainly focuses on 23 countries with a huge burden of TB infections.
The organization aligns with local partners and communities to provide performance-based
outcomes toward the global target. The accelerator was developed to ensure that USAID is fighting
to eradicate tuberculosis effectively and efficiently by developing local capacity and commitment
with an emphasis on locally generated solutions that enhance the response of the Agency to TB
and combat discrimination and stigma. Besides, USAID assists in training healthcare workers on
how to find active TB cases, collecting and analyzing data on TB transmission, and taking care of
TB patients.
Global Implication of Tuberculosis
9
Spelling mistake: Nieburg Niebuhr
verb accomplish (do, archiv…: accomplish do
assist, assistance (help): assists help
Web Content: https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-global-tuberculosis-efforts/
Word repetitio…: Tuberculosis … Tuberculosis
Spelling mistake: mycobacterium
Web Content: https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-u-s-government-and-global-tuberculosis-efforts/
Web Content: https://www.dailyeducation.in/tuberculosis-chemotherapy/
Web Content: https://www.who.int/hiv/topics/tb/en/
Tuberculosis disease is a leading cause of death globally, despite it being often curable and
preventable. About a quarter of the population globally has latent TB. Hence, these people ate
infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis, but they are not yet ill with the tuberculosis disease and
cannot transmit the bacteria. About ten million individuals contract active TB per year globally,
which can be transmitted to other individuals. Tuberculosis disease is not endemic, since it is
present in all countries and regions globally, though most TB cases are concentrated in the
developing countries. For instance, in 2018, the number of high burden countries was one in
America, one in Europe, six in south-east Asian and sixteen in Africa.
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, concerns about the emergence of TB medication
resistance, HIV/TB co-infection, new outbreaks, and rising incidence in some areas prompted
governments and primary health actors globally to make advancing and preserving the progress of
efforts against the disease a priority. In the year 1993, the World Health Organization (WHO)
affirmed tuberculosis disease as a worldwide health emergency. As a result, global efforts to
address the disease become more prominent, leading to globally reducing TB incidences and
mortality rate. In 2018, there were about ten million new TB cases globally, including
approximately 0.9 million cases in people living with HIV. Although TB is curable and treatable
in most cases, about 1.45 million individuals died from the disease in 2018 globally. The global
mortality rate of tuberculosis fell by eleven per cent between 2015 and 2018.
10
References
Churchyard, G., Kim, P., Shah, N. S., Rustomjee, R., Gandhi, N., Mathema, B., … & Cardenas, V.
(2017). What we know about tuberculosis transmission: an overview. The Journal of
infectious diseases, 216(suppl_6), S629-S635.
Nieburg, P., & Jackson, A. (2016). US Government Roles in Control of Global Tuberculosis.
Pai, M., Behr, M. A., Dowdy, D., Dheda, K., Divangahi, M., Boehme, C. C., … & Raviglione, M.
(2016). Tuberculosis. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 2, 16076.
Thomas, B. E., Thiruvengadam, K., Kadam, D., Young, S., Sivakumar, S., Bala Yogendra
Shivakumar, S. V., … & TRIUMPH-RePORT India Study. (2019). Smoking, alcohol use
disorder and tuberculosis treatment outcomes: A dual co-morbidity burden that cannot be
ignored. PLoS One, 14(7), e0220507.
