Critical Reasoning Week 6 Discussion 2
Please see the attachment
!
This is a graded discussion: 25 points possible due Aug 17 at 1:59am
Week 6 Discussion 2: Empirical Reasoning
46 46
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
Introduction
As the text points out, causal reasoning is used in clinical studies. As a professional in the health field, you
will undoubtedly be referring to cause/effect studies for the rest of your professional life. In this discussion,
you are asked to expand and deepen your understanding of clinical studies.
In 1999, a study on the causes of myopia appeared in the prestigious journal Nature (Quinn). The study
received wide-spread publicity in leading newspapers, such as the New York Times, and on television
outlets, such as CBS and CNN. Within a year, another article in Nature followed up the 1999 study (Zadnik
et al., 2000). The studies had dramatically different findings.
Initial Post Instructions
Using what you have learned from the text, as well as any other sources you may find useful (including the
website in the Required Resources), analyze and evaluate the methodology of both studies and how
methodology affected the differences in how the studies were reported.
Reportage of both studies can be found with an Internet search using all of the following terms:
Follow-Up Post Instructions
Respond to at least two peers or one peer and the instructor. Further the dialogue by providing more
information and clarification.
Textbook: Chapter 14
Lesson 1, 2
Link (library article): Myopia and Ambient Lighting at Night
(https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site)
Link (library article): Myopia and Ambient Night-Time Lighting
(https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site)
Link (website): What Are Clinical Trials and Studies? (https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-are-
clinical-trials-and-studies)
Minimum of 1 scholarly source (in addition to the textbook and noted readings)
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 1 of 39
” Reply
Writing Requirements
Grading
This activity will be graded using the Discussion Grading Rubric. Please review the following link:
Course Outcomes (CO): 3, 4, 5
Due Date for Initial Post: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Wednesday
Due Date for Follow-Up Posts: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday
References
National Intitute on Aging. (n.d.). What are clinical trials and studies?
https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-are-clinical-trials-and-studies
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting
at night. Nature, 399 (6732), 113-114.
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D.
O. (2000). Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. CLEERE study group.
Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of ethnicity and refractive error. Nature,
404(6774), 143-144. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site
Minimum of 3 posts (1 initial & 2 follow-up)
Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and an outside source)
APA format for in-text citations and list of references
Link (webpage): Discussion Guidelines
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 2 of 39
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor)
Jun 22, 2020
Edited by Sonja Sheffield (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891) on Jun 22 at 12:40pm
” Reply #
!
Greetings Students,
You are only required to post an initial answer post and ONE follow-up post in each required
discussion, each week.
Please make your TWO posts each week between Monday and Sunday. Your posts must
occur on different days with the first post occurring by Wednesday. If there are extenuating
circumstances, please communicate with your professor.
For the second half of this week, this discussion is an object lesson in the necessity to give even
peer-reviewed articles a close reading and close evaluation. It is glaringly obvious that the Quinn
study did not control for the variable of heredity. It is also easy to overlook or misinterpret essential
information when comparing the two studies. The Chapter 14 table “Steps in a Scientific
Investigation” will be invaluable in guiding the discussion for this second half.
Consider the following:
Does Quinn respond to the Zadnik study? If yes, what is his response?
In what respect does the Zadnik study replicate the Quinn study – how is the methodology the
same? Where does it differ?
Referring to the “Steps in a Scientific Investigation” table in Chapter 14, where do you see the
most significant flaw in the Quinn study? The steps are numbered – refer by number to each
step you think is relevant.
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/118358)
Monica Hernandez
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/118358)
Tuesday
!
Good morning Professor and Class,
Myopia is a common affliction (one in four adult Americans is near-sighted1), and juvenile-onset
myopia is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors2. Results from
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 3 of 39
animal experiments indicate that light cycles may affect the development of myopia3, 4, and claim to
have extended these to humans 5. They reported a strong association between childhood myopia and
night-time lighting before the age of two: there were five times more children with myopia among those
who slept with room lights on than in those who slept in the dark, and an intermediate number among
those sleeping with a dim night-light. However, we have been unable to find a link between night-
time nursery (https://image-seeker.com/s/?q=nursery) lighting and the development of myopia in a
sample of school children. You might, for example, explain how you came to have a broken leg (you
tripped on a banana peel; it was raining; you were running, backward). However, when youre
proposing an explanation for something about which the contributing factors are in dispute, then you
are making an argument. You might argue for an economic explanation for your unhappiness (you just
got fired, so you have no income, so youre unhappy), while your friend might argue for a psychological
explanation for your unhappiness (you hated your job, so you subconsciously sabotage it, all but
forcing your supervisor to fire you, and now you feel guilty, and therefore unhappy, plus your board)
because now you have nothing to do and that makes you unhappy too.
Such causal explanations are often arguments because one is making a case for a particular cause, or
set of causes, over another perhaps equally plausible cause, or set of causes.
Causal reasoning involves determining which of several possible explanations is the best account for a
given phenomenon or occurrence. The issue can involve causation of a natural sciences kind (for
example, biological, chemical, or physical causation) or causation of the social science
(https://image-seeker.com/s/?q=science) kind i.e. social or psychological causation. Causation of the first
kind is easier to establish because, at least in theory, all are measurable.
It may be incredibly complicated, intricate, and far-reaching, but even so, we can measure the
elements involved.
Establishing causation is important for several reasons first, it enables us to establish explanations.
Second, it enables us to make predictions, and thus assess the various plans and policies about also
the things. If causal explanations are correct our predictions will become true or our plans and policies
will achieve their goals.
As with all inductive arguments, a strong causal argument is one in which the premises are true or
acceptable, relevant, and sufficient. The degree of acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency affects the
degree of strength. Often, additional information may increase our certainty about the conclusion.
References:
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting at
night. Nature, 399 (6732), 113-114. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-
Search entries or author Unread $
%
& Subscribe
Top
!
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 4 of 39
” Reply #
live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D. O. (2000).
Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. CLEERE study group. Collaborative longitudinal
evaluation of ethnicity and refractive error. Nature, 404(6774), 143-144.
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site
(https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site)
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor)
Tuesday
” Reply #
!
Monica, thanks for your post for this week and your thoughts on the studies performed. I am not
detecting your thoughts on the methodologies of each study; what am I missing?
Identify the following argument as to type. And as best as you are able, identify the premise(s)
and the conclusion.:
A recent study suggests that depression causes employees to have problems at work.
Researchers compared 286 depressed workers with 193 others who were not depressed. Since
only the depressed workers had such problems as fatigue, lack of motivation, and trouble
managing their usual workload, researchers concluded that depression was the cause of their
problems at work.
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/102153)
Caitlyn Pienkowski
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/102153)
Wednesday
!
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 5 of 39
” Reply #
Hello!
In the study of Myopia and Ambient Night-Time Lighting, it points out some of the differences in their
study of Myopia compared to the first study done in 1999. In the second study done, they found an
association between parental myopia and nursery night-time lighting suggests that Quinn et al.s study
should have controlled for parental myopia ( Zadnik, 2000). The second study had older children and
had different lighting compared to the first study, which gave different results that did not replicate the
first study.
I believe one way of doing this is not always meant for all things. If that were the case, I think maybe
the second study wouldn’t of shown any kind of improvements to their new ways of doing their part of
the study.
References
Maguire, M., Shin, C., Stone, R., Quinn, G. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting at night. Nature,
399(6732), p113-4. Retrieved from https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-
live&scope=site (https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site)
Irvin, B., Jones, L., Kleinstein, R., Manny, R., Mutti, D., Shin, J., Zadnik, K. (2000). Myapoia and
ambient night-time lighting. Nature, 404(6774), p143-4. Retrieved from
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site
(https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site) .
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor)
Thursday
!
Caitlyn, thank you for your post for this week and sharing your thoughts on the two articles.
Could you analyze and evaluate the methodology of both studies and how methodology affected
the differences in how the studies were reported?
Determine whether each of the following inductive arguments is an inductive generalization, an
analogical argument, or a causal argument. Indicate which claim provides the clue.
1. Bill, Juan, and Franklin work in the IT department, and they are really bright. Thus, its
likely that all members of the IT department are really bright.
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 6 of 39
” Reply #
Reference
Jackson, D., & Newberry, P. (2016). Critical thinking: A user’s manual (2nd ed.). Boston, MA:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
2. Each of my five classes at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has been held in
a large lecture hall. I expect that all of my classes here will be in large lecture halls.
3. Blair, Roscoe, Fatima, and Tin are all poets, and they all smoke cigarettes. Therefore, all
poets probably smoke cigarettes.
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/147419)
Elijah Wiggin
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/147419)
Yesterday
” Reply #
!
Hi Caitlyn,
These two studies are interesting in how it can be genetics or environment. The second study did
have improvements on switching up how they experimented, which made for a wider spread
different finding in numbers. Good post!
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/99157)
Wei Wen Chiang
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/99157)
Wednesday
!
Hello all,
Myopia and ambient lighting at night
The ambient lighting at night is strongly associated with prevalence of myopia. It further explains what
the ambient lighting does during sleep. It also suggests that the absence of darkness in the day during
early age may be a factor for myopia.
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 7 of 39
” Reply #
Myopia and ambient night lighting
More straight forward from the beginning. It tells you that there is a big correlation with children who
sleep with lights on versus children who do not sleep with lights on and myopia. It goes more in depth
while listing all the other risk factors genetic and the age that was exposed to the light.
I believe the second case study is more reliable after reading both. It is more in depth. It also lists out
other risk factors that can also affect childrens possibility with myopia instead of just the ambient
lighting. While reading the first methodology, I feel like it spits out the result and try to convince you with
it. In the other hand, it explains the cause of myopia first, then lead you to the conclusion.
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting at
night. Nature, 399 (6732), 113-114. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-
live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D. O. (2000).
Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. CLEERE study group. Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of
ethnicity and refractive error. Nature, 404(6774), 143-
144. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-
live&scope=site (https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site)
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/102153)
Caitlyn Pienkowski
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/102153)
Wednesday
” Reply #
!
Hello!
Your post is similar to mine as we both agree with what the studies shown. The second study was
compared to the first and they made sure to adjust the study a bit to show better/different results
which worked. The first study did mention that Myopia can be the cause of genetics and/or
environmental factors as did the second study. However, the second study made sure to use
different lighting and different age children to catch a difference. Great post!
-Caitlyn
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 8 of 39
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor)
Thursday
Edited by Sonja Sheffield (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891) on Aug 13 at 9:05am
” Reply #
!
Ann, thank you for your post to the 2nd discussion. What are your thoughts about the
nationalities of the children in this study? Do you see a problem perhaps?
Rewrite each argument as a standard form categorical argument. Then, determine the validity of the
argument.
Reference
Jackson, D., & Newberry, P. (2016). Critical thinking: A user’s manual (2nd ed.). Boston, MA:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
1. All soccer players are athletes, since all athletes are baseball players and no baseball
players are soccer players.
2. If you passed geology, then you passed a science class. And if you passed a science
class, then you have qualified for honors. Consequently, if you passed geology, then you
qualified for honors.
3. Any senator is corruptible. So no senators are liars, as some liars are corruptible
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/148682)
Ashley White
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/148682)
Wednesday
!
Hi Professor and Class!
Ambient lighting at night
This study showed myopia, or short sightedness, is present when there is ambient lighting at night.
This study explained was myopia is at the beginning, but had a lot of unanswered questions at the end.
This study had an age range median of 8 years old, but didn’t give the number of children or other risk
factors that were in the study.
Ambient night time lighting
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 9 of 39
” Reply #
In this study the children were older, the number of children were recorded clearer, and the tests and
results were more detailed. This study concluded that the correlation for Myopia was more between the
parental myopia and children, then night time lighting. The association we find between parental
myopia and nursery night-time lighting suggests that Quinn et al.s study should have controlled for
parental myopia(Zadnik,2000).
Since the first study was already completed, the second study was able to use that information to look
at it from a more detailed different approach to come up with their conclusion. The second study is
more reliable because it was approached more thoroughly. It also looks at other risk factors involved
instead of jumping solely to night time lighting.
References
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting at
night. Nature, 399 (6732), 113-114. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-
live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D. O. (2000).
Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. CLEERE study group. Collaborative longitudinal
evaluation of ethnicity and refractive error. Nature, 404(6774), 143-144.
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor)
Thursday
!
Ashley, thank you for your post for the second discussion. I was always concerned the shortage
of Asian children, what about you?
Rewrite each argument as a standard form categorical syllogism. Then determine the validity of the
argument.
Reference
1. Mascots are the only animals allowed in the gym. Thus, only mascots are nuisances,
since the only animals allowed in the gym are nuisances.
2. Every war crime is beyond any kind of moral justification. It demeans innocent humans,
and anything that demeans innocent humans is beyond any kind of moral justification.
3. Avatars are sacred figures, and shamans are, too. So avatars are shamans.
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 10 of 39
Edited by Sonja Sheffield (https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891) on Aug 13 at 9:09am
” Reply #
Jackson, D., & Newberry, P. (2016). Critical thinking: A user’s manual (2nd ed.). Boston, MA:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/64315)
Dijana Rahmanovic
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/64315)
Yesterday
” Reply #
!
The difference in age could play a factor between the two different studies. Especially considering
they werent done simultaneously but the second study had the advantage of the results from the
first study. Do you think if the second study had been done first the results of the first study could
have been impacted or ended up with a different conclusion?
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/147419)
Elijah Wiggin
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/147419)
Wednesday
!
“Myopia is a common affliction, and juvenile-onset myopia is believed to be due to a combination of
genetic and environmental factors.” (Nature, 2000) A study done on myopia and ambient lighting at
night was done with age, ethnicity, and if either of the parents were myopic. Doing a study this way gets
very detailed information and determines accurate numbers, The study of myopia and ambient night
time lighting was done with less specific groups. They split them in gender and age. This way of
experimenting will give different results because the range was a little bit wider.
Maguire, M., Shin, C., Stone, R., Quinn, G. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting at night. Nature,
399(6732), p113-4. Retrieved from https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-
live&scope=site (https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site)
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 11 of 39
” Reply #
Irvin, B., Jones, L., Kleinstein, R., Manny, R., Mutti, D., Shin, J., Zadnik, K. (2000). Myapoia and
ambient night-time lighting. Nature, 404(6774), p143-4. Retrieved
from https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-
live&scope=site (https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site)
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor)
Thursday
” Reply #
!
Elijah, thank you for your post for this week. You did not respond to the question concerning the
methodology of each of these studies.
For each of the following pairs of inductive generalizations, determine which is stronger, and
justify your evaluation.
a. The majority of students on campus exercise regularly. I took a survey of students leaving the
weight room, and the vast majority of the respondents said they exercised regularly.
b. The majority of students on campus exercise regularly. I took a survey of students outside of
the cafeteria, and the vast majority of the respondents said they exercised regularly.
a. The local newspaper conducted a survey of its readers to determine which comics were most
popular. The majority of the 175 respondents said that Bizzarowas their favorite.
Thus, Bizarromust be the most popular comic strip among all readers.
b. The local newspaper conducted a survey of its readers to determine which comics were most
popular. The majority of the 175 respondents under the age of 21 said that Bizarrowas their
favorite. Thus, Bizarromust be the most popular comic strip among all readers.
Reference
Jackson, D., & Newberry, P. (2016). Critical thinking: A user’s manual (2nd ed.). Boston, MA:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/118358)
Monica Hernandez
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 12 of 39
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/118358)
Yesterday
” Reply #
!
Hi Elijah,
I see you gave the definition for Myopia but are missing a few things from the discussion. One of
the articles was straight forward than the other one. It mentions the logic with children who sleep
with lights on versus children who do not sleep with lights on and myopia. It tends to go more in-
depth while listing all risk factors genetic and the age that was exposed to the light.
Thank you for sharing!
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/129972)
Brittany Varnes
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/129972)
Wednesday
!
Hi Professor and Class,
The two articles have a common trait in that they have been published in the same journal-
Nature. There is a different time frame of one year between the year of publications. The Quinn et al.
article was published in 1999 and the authors appear to be in the early stages of describing Myopia
since their evidence is shallow and gives only the basic information. The authors have not also used
any evidence-based practice to test their hypothesis. Rather, they rely on the information collected
through the questionnaires to make a correlation between incidences of Myopia among children that
were born within the first six months of 1998 and early infant exposure to light. Quinn and his
colleagues apply empirical reasoning in coming up with their explanation as they realize that many
Asian children suffering from Myopia have been affected by light.
The second study is by Zadnik et al. and was conducted a year after the first research. The
2000 study has better quality evidence that supports the conclusion. Their research was based on the
Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error study, which revealed no
correlation between Myopia and early infant exposure to night-time light. Zadnik and colleagues review
the findings of the first study and give their differing findings. The second study exhibits strong
statistical evidence that is used to support the conclusion. The authors gathered credible information by
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 13 of 39
” Reply #
scrutinizing the existing literature about Myopia to form a research design.
References
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G., & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting at
night. Nature, 399(6732), 113-114. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-
live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D. O. (2000).
Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. Nature, 404(6774), 143-
144. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/97891)Sonja Sheffield (Instructor)
Thursday
” Reply #
!
Brittany, thank you for your post for this week. What is the challenge with only using
questionnaires?
Lets have some practice in identifying the kinds of similarities needed to support an argument
by analogy. As a note of similarity is important if noticing that two things are similar in a way that
gives you a reason to think that the things might be similar in some other way. For example:
adopting a dog and having a child. Adopting a dog is like having a child and that both require
taking responsibility for another living being. Also, they can both turn your home into a big mess!
Identify the similarities that support the following argument.
First-degree murder and euthanasia (physician-assisted death).
Reference
Morrow, D. R. & Weston, A. (2019). A workbook for arguments. Hackett Publishing Company:
Indianapolis, IN.
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/154614)
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 14 of 39
Jasmine Burgess
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/154614)
Wednesday
” Reply #
!
Myopia and Ambient Night-Time Lighting is an article that was written to explain the onset of myopia
in juveniles. This article believed that this condition was not only genetic, but it has environmental
factors contributing to myopia as well. The article spoke about how parental factors play a part in
myopia outside of night-time lighting. On the other hand, Myopia and Ambient lighting at Night
focused on the effects of ambient lighting during sleep and how it causes myopia versus sleeping in
darkness which can prevent myopia from forming.
Both studies focused on the same information but took different approaches to draw a conclusion. The
article Myopia and Ambient Night-Time lighting was able to form their information off the study
information that was presented in the article Myopia and Ambient lighting at Night. Night-time lighting
was able to present their article from a more detailed prospective using the information that was
provided in the other article. I believe this article was more reliable because of this. The article was
able to use the important information and thoroughly expound on it.
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G., & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting at
night. Nature, 399(6732), 113114.
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D. O. (2000).
Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. CLEERE Study Group. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation
of Ethnicity and Refractive Error. Nature, 404(6774), 143144.
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/138709)
Britney Parkerton
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/138709)
1:44am
!
Hello Jasmine,
I agree that the second study definitely used a lot of the information than the first study did. It
seemed that the CLEERE group study took a lot of the factors from the 1999 study, but also added
a more variables into their study. The most imperative was the fact that Quinn and his group of
researchers did not determine whether the parents also had Myopia. Once CLEERE added this
into their study it helped determine that many of the children that were exposed to ambient night-
light and suffered from Myopia also had parents that had Myopia. I also thought that the second
8/15/20, 4:36 AM
Page 15 of 39
” Reply #
study was more reliable. I think the second study looked at a much broader span of information
that could contribute to an adolescent developing Myopia.
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/127931)
Adilene Alvarez
(https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/65138/users/127931)
Wednesday
” Reply #
!
Hello,
Myopia and ambient lighting at night, The effects of light exposure on vision, and find a strong
association between myopia and night-time ambient light exposure during sleep in children before they
reach two years of age (Quinn,1999). A study made to prove myopia was not only cause by genetics
but also because of environmental factors. Myopia increases with nighttime lighting during sleep on
children before 2years of age. However, Myopia and ambient night-time lighting study stated, Our
Results indicate that myopia is unlikely to develop in children as a result of exposure to night-time
lighting as infants(Zadnik,2000). The second study is more reliable because the study tested other risk
factors that could developed myopia. The study was also conducted with a different range of ages
instead of focusing on children under two.
References:
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting at night.
Nature, 399 (6732), 113-114. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-
live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D. O. (2000).
Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. CLEERE study group. Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of
ethnicity and refractive error. Nature, 404(6774), 143-144.
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site
(https://chamberlai
