Biology-VI MUST USE ATTACHED ARTICLE IN PRESENTATION Create a 10- to 12-slide PowerPoint presentation that covers the following elements: the anatom

Biology-VI
MUST USE ATTACHED ARTICLE IN PRESENTATION
Create a 10- to 12-slide PowerPoint presentation that covers the following elements:

the anatomy and physiology of respiration (e.g., explain how breathing works);
the effects of the inhalation of smoke and E-cigarette vapor on gas exchange in the lungs;
specific diseases associated with smoking, both pulmonary and cardiovascular; and
lastly, based on what you know about E-cigarettes from the reading and your own research, defend or oppose the regulation of vaping products as traditional cigarettes.

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Biology-VI MUST USE ATTACHED ARTICLE IN PRESENTATION Create a 10- to 12-slide PowerPoint presentation that covers the following elements: the anatom
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PowerPoint slides should not contain a lot of text; use speaker notes to provide the details of your presentation. The general practice is to use no more than 5-6 bullet points per slide. The quality and depth of your speaker’s notes will be significantly factored into your grade.

Title and reference slides should be included. These do not count toward the 10- to 12-slide requirement. In addition to providing references on a reference slide, you need to cite your material in the slides as appropriate; use APA format for your references and citations.
Suggestions for Searching for Illustrations
Use at least 3 images in the presentation. When looking for illustrations to use, it is suggested that you type the subject into a search engine and click “images.” For your presentation, you are allowed to copy and paste images (being sure to cite and reference them). However, you are NOT allowed to copy and paste content, such as text, tables, and the like. As much as possible, your presentation needs to be in your own words.
Notes:

As directed in the tutorial above, pay attention to the background and font colors in your presentationtry to avoid using plain black text on a white background, but also avoid using colors that are visually difficult to see (such as yellow text on a light background) or that are unpleasant (such as red text on a yellow background). Strive for a pleasing, visually appealing appearance.
Reminder: The speaker notes should provide the detail and discussion of your presentation, and everything in the presentation should be in your own words, not copied and pasted from a source.

Case Report
Review of Cases of E-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated
Lung Injury (EVALI) and Brief Review of the Literature

Amr Essa ,1 Jeffrey Macaraeg,2 Nikhil Jagan,2 Daniel Kwon,3 Saboor Randhawa,1

Matthew Kruse,4 Stanley Thomas,2 Manasa Velagapudi,5 John Horne,5

Shraddha Narechania,2 Michael Kaster,2 Carrie Valenta,1 Venketraman Sahasranaman,2

and Douglas Moore2

1Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, USA
2Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Omaha, USA
3Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Omaha, USA
4Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Omaha, USA
5Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Omaha, USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Amr Essa; [emailprotected]

Received 4 December 2019; Accepted 28 April 2020; Published 15 June 2020

Academic Editor: Takeshi Terashima

Copyright 2020 Amr Essa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Since the appearance of the E-Cigarette in the early 2000s, its industry, popularity, and prevalence have risen dramatically. In the
past, E-Cigarette use with the vaping of nicotine or cannabis products had been associated with a few reported cases of lung injury.
However, in 2019, thousands of cases of E-Cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) were reported in the
United States. Evidence linked this outbreak with vaping of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). We report two confirmed cases of
EVALI and their associated clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features. This report supports the growing body of information
regarding EVALI. It also discusses various substances, particularly vitamin E acetate, which has been suggested as a causative agent.

1. Introduction

The E-Cigarette is a battery-operated device used to produce
an aerosol that is inhaled into the lungs, the composition of
which is determined by the content of the E-Liquid. It usually
delivers nicotine; however, it can be used to deliver other sub-
stances such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol
(CBD), and butane hash oils [1]. Since the introduction of
E-Cigarette into the US market in 2007, there have been a
few published and documented cases which describe lung
disease in relation to vaping of nicotine or extracts of canna-
bis, with the earliest documented in 2012 [25]. The summer
of 2019 witnessed an alarming upsurge in the number of
vaping-induced lung injury cases. The increasing mortality
and associated morbidity catapulted it to national attention
and led to the coining of the term E-Cigarette or vaping

product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) [6]. Despite the
prevalence of vaping in the US and other developed coun-
tries, such as the United Kingdom, wherein 3.2 million peo-
ple vape, an outbreak of this magnitude had never occurred
previously [7]. Collaboration between the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), state health departments, the
medical communities, and the public is ongoing to further
delineate the nature of this outbreak and the causative agents.
An association between EVALI and non-nicotine-containing
liquids has been suggested. Although it remains unclear
which group of chemicals are involved, vitamin E acetate
recently has been implicated. In this report, we highlight
two cases of EVALI which were diagnosed and treated at
our institution. We further discuss the clinical, radiologic,
and pathologic features, with a brief review of the current
body of published literature.

Hindawi
Case Reports in Pulmonology
Volume 2020, Article ID 1090629, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1090629

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1310-643X

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1090629

2. Case Presentation

2.1. Case 1. A 42-year-old man with no underlying medical
problems presented with a two-week history of worsening
nonproductive cough, subjective fever, chills, and diaphore-
sis. The history was significant for vaping THC once or twice
weekly for the last one year. He reported no use of tobacco,
alcohol, or illicit drugs. He denied any recent travel, and he
had a desk job with no reported occupational exposures.
On presentation, he was hypoxic with an oxygen saturation
of 85% on room air that improved with one liter of oxygen
via nasal cannula. He was afebrile and hemodynamically sta-
ble. Physical exam was significant for diffuse bilateral rales.
Chest radiograph (CXR) revealed diffuse interstitial pro-
minence (Figure 1). A subsequent computed tomography
(CT) scan of the chest revealed extensive symmetric
ground-glass opacities in all lobes with interlobular septal
thickening and subpleural sparing (Figures 2 and 3). He
was started on broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy with
azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and levofloxacin to treat poten-
tially bacterial pneumonia, all of which was discontinued
after cultures were sterile (Table 1). Bronchoalveolar lavage
(BAL) of the right middle lobe was performed. A transbron-
chial tissue biopsy of the left upper lobe (upper division and
lingula) (Figures 4 and 5) revealed benign bronchial mucosa
without significant pathologic abnormality. Since an infec-
tious etiology was ruled out, he was discharged on predni-

sone 40mg daily with tapering over four weeks. He
reported improvement of symptoms within one week after
discharge.

2.2. Case 2. A 21-year-old man with a history of exercise-
induced asthma presented with a one-week history of
worsening productive cough, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting,
and malaise. He stated that he vaped THC once every
hour while awake for the last three months and once daily
for the previous year. He reported no use of tobacco prod-
ucts, alcohol, or other illicit drugs. He reported recent
travel to the Southwestern United States and Minnesota
the month prior to hospitalization. He denied any occupa-
tional exposure. On presentation, he was hypoxic with an
oxygen saturation of 88%, which improved with two liters
of oxygen via nasal cannula. He was afebrile and hemody-
namically stable. Physical exam was significant for bibasilar
crackles. CXR on admission showed patchy alveolar opacities
in the mid and lower lungs bilaterally (Figure 6). CT chest
demonstrated basal-predominant bilateral ground-glass
opacities with subpleural sparing, in addition to pneumome-
diastinum and slightly prominent bilateral hilar lymph nodes
(Figures 7 and 8). He was started on broad-spectrum antimi-
crobial therapy with vancomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam,
azithromycin, and fluconazole with coverage to treat poten-
tial coccidioidomycosis and presumed bacterial pneumonia,
all of which were discontinued after cultures were sterile
(Table 1). BAL of the right lower lobe revealed macro-
phages with neutrophils and lymphocytes (Figure 9). A
transbronchial tissue biopsy of the right lower lobe showed
an acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia pattern with
no prominent eosinophils, granulomas, or malignancy
(Figures 1013). Six-minute walk before discharge was
notable for oxygen desaturation with activity, and subse-
quently, he was discharged on one-liter oxygen via nasal
cannula and prednisone 40mg daily tapering over four
weeks. He reported a resolution of his symptoms at the
time of his clinic follow-up visit about six weeks following
discharge. Repeat chest high-resolution CT (HRCT) at that
time showed remarkable improvement in the aeration of his

Figure 1: Case 1 CXR on presentation.

Figure 2: Case 1 chest CT scan on presentation (axial view).

Figure 3: Case 1 chest CT scan on presentation (coronal view).

2 Case Reports in Pulmonology

lungs and resolution of the bilateral ground-glass opacities
(Figures 14 and 15).

3. Discussion

Since the 2000s, when E-Cigarette made its initial appear-
ance, the vaping industry has shown rapid emergence. Its
popularity and prevalence have been driven by an appar-

ent improved nicotine delivery system with attractive fea-
tures for users and a wide variety of flavors. E-Cigarette
marketing-related expenditure in the United States increased
from $3.6 million in 2010 to $125 million in 2014 [7]. At the
same time, the prevalence of vaping has been on the rise, with

Table 1: Lab work on admission.

Case 1 Case 2

Infectious workup

White cell count 11.3K/l 14.3K/l

Sedimentation rate (ESR) 80mm/hr 91mm/hr

Procalcitonin 0.21 ng/ml 0.40 ng/ml

Legionella urine antigen Negative Negative

Pneumococcal urine antigen Negative Negative

Histoplasma urine antigen Negative Negative

Blood culture for aerobic & anaerobic
growth

Negative Negative

Respiratory viral pathogen screen Negative Negative

Sputum culture Negative Negative

Sputum AFB smear Negative Negative

HIV AG/AB Negative Negative

ANCA Negative Negative

1,3-b-d-Glucan Negative Negative

BAL cell count and differentials Normal Normal

BAL total nucleated cells 440/l 640/l

BAL RBCs <10.000/l <10.000/l BAL neutrophils 49% 39% BAL lymphocytes 28% 5% BAL monocytes 17% 8% BAL phagocytes 6% 48% BAL fungal culture with special Negative Negative BAL vulture viral reflex Negative Negative BAL bacterial culture Negative Negative BAL Aspergillus antigen Negative Negative Miscellaneous workup Lyme disease serology Negative Rapid strep A Negative West Nile antibodies Negative Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies Negative Mononucleosis screen Negative Complement levels Normal LDH level Normal ProBNP 74 pg/ml CRP >375mg/l
Coccidioides antibodies Negative

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis panel Negative

BAL AFP culture and smear Negative

BAL PCR for Legionella Negative

Figure 4: Case 1 transbronchial biopsy of upper division of left
upper lobe with benign bronchial mucosa.

Figure 5: Case 1 transbronchial biopsy of left lingula with benign
bronchial mucosa.

Figure 6: Case 2 CXR on presentation.

3Case Reports in Pulmonology

more than a quarter (25.4%) of 12th-grade students in 2019
saying that they had vaped in the last 30 days, more than
double the rate in 2017 [8]. A study developed to describe
advertising claims made on branded E-Cigarette reported
that it is marketed as a healthier and cheaper alternative to
conventional smoking. And the appeal of the wide array of
flavors, perception of modernity, enhanced social appearance
and celebrity use, and avoidance of smoking policy were
appealing to many [9].

Based on largely observational data on the current out-
break, the majority of reported cases were young males
[1013]. The commonly reported clinical symptoms include
fever, chills, and a headache. Respiratory symptoms include
shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain. Gastrointestinal
symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdomi-
nal pain [1013]. Fever was present in 29%, tachycardia in
64%, and tachypnea in 43%, with oxygen saturation < 88% in 31% of the cases in one report [10]. There are no clear guidelines regarding the management of EVALI, although glucocorticoids and empiric systemic antimicrobial therapy have been prescribed in the majority of cases [10, 11, 13]. The improvement in respiratory symptoms has been attrib- uted to glucocorticoids [10, 12]. Figure 7: Case 2 chest CT scan on presentation (axial view). Figure 8: Case 2 chest CT scan on presentation (coronal view). Figure 9: Case 2 bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) of right lower lobe. Macrophages (red arrow) and neutrophils (yellow arrows). Figure 10: Case 2 transbronchial biopsy of right lower lobe. Macrophages containing blackish brown pigmented particles (red arrows). Figure 11: Case 2 transbronchial biopsy of right lower lobe with multiple neutrophils. Figure 12: Case 2 transbronchial biopsy of right lower lobe. Eosinophilic fibrin exudate between cells, typical for pneumonia. 4 Case Reports in Pulmonology 86% of the 867 EVALI patients report using THC- containing products in the three months preceding symptom onset with mild elevations in white cell count, sedimentation rate, and procalcitonin [14]. Both of our patients were young males who vaped THC and met a confirmed diagnosis of EVALI set by the CDC. The clinical characteristics and pre- sentation were consistent with previously reported cases [15]. A wide range of imaging patterns has been described in EVALI [16, 17], including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, dif- fuse alveolar damage, acute lung injury, acute eosinophilic pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, lipoid pneumonia, and giant cell interstitial pneumonia. Imaging obtained during the acute phase for both our patients demonstrated diffuse ground-glass opacities slightly more prominent at the lower lung zones, with subpleural and peribronchovascular spar- ing. Our patients had a pattern most consistent with organiz- ing pneumonia, which has been described in the EVALI literature. Peribronchovascular sparing, as was seen in our patients, is not a well-described feature that may represent clearing by the peribronchovascular lymphatics related to a subacute process with vaping. Of note, 100% of the cases in the report of 53 cases had bilateral infiltrates on chest radio- graph or CT [10]. The pathology of EVALI continues to be poorly under- stood with no specific histopathological findings. A recent review described lung biopsies from 17 patients with either a confirmed or probable diagnosis of EVALI. All showed a pattern of acute lung injury, including acute fibrinous pneumonitis, diffuse alveolar damage, or organizing pneu- monia. While other reports suggested an exogenous lipoid pneumonia-like process, the authors suggested that the pat- terns resemble a chemical pneumonitis [18]. Nevertheless, both findings do not provide clarity while making a histolog- ical diagnosis for EVALI. Our second patient showed similar histopathology, as described in the literature, with findings suggestive of acute pneumonia/inflammation with macro- phages containing blackish brown pigmented material. Our first patient did not show any histological pattern of lung injury despite meeting a confirmed diagnosis of EVALI by the CDC [15]. However, the biopsy showed predomi- nantly bronchial mucosa and not adequate alveolar tissues; thus, whether the patient had normal lung histopathology is inconclusive. E-Cigarette aerosol contains different harmful sub- stances, including carbonyls, volatile organic compounds, toluene, benzene, and heavy metals [19, 20]. Their constitu- ents undergo thermal decomposition by the metallic coils, which then release new compounds that can be toxic [21]. In one study, E-Cigarette products contained microbial toxins, which included endotoxin concentrations above the limit of detection (LOD) in 17 of the 75 products tested and glucan concentrations greater than the LOD in 61 of 75 products tested [22]. Certain pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos ethyl and trifluralin, have been detected in high concentra- tions in some E-Liquid samples [23]. Triantafyllou et al. described several proposed mecha- nisms of EVALI, which include alteration in the expression of bronchial epithelial proteins, inducing airway remodeling, and macrophage activation [12]. Marijuana smoke inhala- tion has been associated with damage to the pulmonary epi- thelial barrier, and even the flavoring component has been linked to lung injury [23]. Compounds such as diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and acetoin can impair ciliary function and have been evaluated and linked to bronchiolitis Figure 13: Case 2 transbronchial biopsy. Macrophages (red arrows) and neutrophils (yellow arrows) in a background of exudative material. Figure 14: Case 2 chest CT scan 6 weeks post discharge (axial view). Figure 15: Case 2 chest CT scan 6 weeks post discharge (coronal view). 5Case Reports in Pulmonology obliterans, the popular term being popcorn lung, which causes severe respiratory diseases among workers inhaling these heated vapors [2426]. Recently, samples of THC-containing products have been analyzed to identify the potential contributing sub- stance resulting in harmful effects on the lung. Different sub- stances were identified, which have included vitamin E acetate, medium-chain triglyceride oil (MCT oil), and other lipids [27] (Personal communication, D.T. Heitkemper, FDA Forensic Chemistry Center, November 2019). Vitamin E acetate, in particular, has been identified in the majority of the THC cartridge samples tested in various states and facilities [14, 28]. Vitamin E acetate is a compound that is used as an additive to E-Cigarette and as a thickening agent in THC products [29]. Vitamin E acetate was further impli- cated when a breakthrough report from CDC on November 8, 2019, showed that it was detected in 100% of the BAL sam- ples of the 29 cases with EVALI that were sent to the CDC from 10 different states across the United States, while THC was identified in 82% and nicotine in 62% of the samples. Of note, no other suspected substances (plant oils, MCT oil, petroleum distillates, and diluent terpenes) were detected in those 29 BAL samples [30]. Inhaling vitamin E is not as benign as ingesting vitamin E, as it can impair lung function [31]. This provides strong evidence that vitamin E acetate might be a potential agent, though further studies are needed to validate this link. 4. Conclusion EVALI can be devastating and even fatal, as was seen by the recent outbreak. Although various substances have been investigated, vitamin E acetate appears to be a risk factor. More data is needed to establish causality. With this report of two cases with radiologic and pathological findings, we hope to enrich the growing database and increase our knowl- edge of this disorder. Abbreviations EVALI: E-Cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury THC: Tetrahydrocannabinol CBD: Cannabidiol CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CXR: Chest X-ray CT: Computed tomography BAL: Bronchoalveolar lavage HRCT: High-resolution computed tomography ESR: Sedimentation rate ANCA: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody AFB: Acid-fast bacillus HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus AG: Antigen AB: Antibody GBM: Glomerular basement membrane LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase BNP: B-Natriuretic peptide PCR: Polymerase chain reaction LOD: Limit of detection MCT: Medium-chain triglyceride. Consent Consent for publication of patient information was obtained. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest or financial disclosure. Acknowledgments We thank Laurel Preheim, MD, for assistance with editing and formatting. References [1] A. K. Breitbarth, J. Morgan, and A. L. Jones, E-cigarettesan unintended illicit drug delivery system, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 192, pp. 98111, 2018. [2] L. McCauley, C. Markin, and D. Hosmer, An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use, Chest, vol. 141, no. 4, pp. 11101113, 2012. [3] C. R. Gilbert, M. Baram, and N. C. Cavarocchi, Smoking wet: respiratory failure related to smoking tainted marijuana cigarettes, Texas Heart Institute Journal, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 6467, 2013. [4] H. R. T. Hashmi, R. Duncalf, and M. Khaja, A case report of cannabis induced hemoptysis, Medicine, vol. 95, no. 13, p. e3232, 2016. [5] M. Monfort, A. Larakeb, and F. Gouraud, Hemoptysis in a young man smoking cannabis, Archives de Pediatrie, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 637639, 2013. 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Downs, Amid Vape Pen Lung Disease Deaths: What Exactly Is Vitamin E Oil?, Seattle, WA, USA, Leafly, 2019. [30] https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6845e2 .htm?s_cid=mm6845e2_w. [31] J. B. Massey, H. S. She, and H. J. Pownall, Interaction of vitamin E with saturated phospholipid bilayers, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 106, no. 3, pp. 842847, 1982. 7Case Reports in Pulmonology https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/assets/2019-Lung-Injury-Surveillance-Case-Definition-508.pdf https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/assets/2019-Lung-Injury-Surveillance-Case-Definition-508.pdf https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/assets/2019-Lung-Injury-Surveillance-Case-Definition-508.pdf https://fox17.com/news/nation-world/cdc-finds-vitamin-e-acetate-as-potential-cause-of-vaping-illnesses https://fox17.com/news/nation-world/cdc-finds-vitamin-e-acetate-as-potential-cause-of-vaping-illnesses https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/10/03/vaping-lung-injuries-top-cases-deaths-rise https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/10/03/vaping-lung-injuries-top-cases-deaths-rise https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2019/10/03/vaping-lung-injuries-top-cases-deaths-rise https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6845e2.htm?s_cid=mm6845e2_w https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6845e2.htm?s_cid=mm6845e2_w Copyright of Case Reports in Pulmonology is the property of Hindawi Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. Review of Cases of E-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) and Brief Review of the Literature 1. Introduction 2. Case Presentation 2.1. Case 1 2.2. Case 2 3. Discussion 4. Conclusion Abbreviations Consent Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments

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