Answer each question
please read pages 999-1017 and answer each questions and 200 words per answer.
1) Discuss some black protests of 1960′
2) discuss counter culture including anti Vietnam protests
3) Discuss the women movement and gay rights
Try to do 2 pages or around 600 words total
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T h i r d E d i t i o n
G I V E M E L I B E R T Y !
A n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y
B
W . W . N O R T O N & C O M PA N Y . N E W Y O R K . L O N D O N
G I V E M E L I B E R T Y !
b y E R I C F O N E R
A N A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y
T h i r d E d i t i o n
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William
Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the Peoples
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Copyright 2011, 2008, 2005 by Eric Foner
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Third Edition
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Foner, Eric.
Give me liberty!: An American history / Eric Foner. 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-393-93430-4 (hardcover)
1. United StatesHistory. 2. United StatesPolitics and government.
3. DemocracyUnited StatesHistory. 4. LibertyHistory. I. Title.
E178.F66 2010
973dc22
2010015330
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
ISBN 978-0-393-11911-4 (pdf ebook)
www.wwnorton.com
For my mother, Liza Foner (19092005), an
accomplished artist who lived through most of the
twentieth century and into the twenty-first
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
L I S T O F MA P S , TA B L E S , A N D F I G U R E S xxix
A B O U T T H E AU T H O R xxxiii
P R E FA C E xxxv
P a r t 1 A m e r i c a n C o l o n i e s t o 1 7 6 3
1. A NEW WORLD 4
THE FIRST AMERICANS 8
The Settling of the Americas 8 Indian Societies of the
Americas 9 Mound Builders of the Mississippi River
Valley 11 Western Indians 11 Indians of Eastern
North America 12 Native American Religion 14
Land and Property 14 Gender Relations 15
European Views of the Indians 16
INDIAN FREEDOM, EUROPEAN FREEDOM 17
Indian Freedom 17 Christian Liberty 18 Freedom
and Authority 19 Liberty and Liberties 19
THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE 20
Chinese and Portuguese Navigation 20 Portugal and
West Africa 21 Freedom and Slavery in Africa 22
The Voyages of Columbus 23
CONTACT 24
Columbus in the New World 24 Exploration and
Conquest 24 The Demographic Disaster 26
THE SPANISH EMPIRE 27
Governing Spanish America 27 Colonists in Spanish
America 28 Colonists and Indians 29
Justifications for Conquest 30 Spreading the
Faith 31 Piety and Profit 31 Las Casass
Complaint 32 Reforming the Empire 33 Exploring North
America 34 Spanish Florida 35 Spain in the Southwest 35
The Pueblo Revolt 37
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Bartolom de Las Casas, History of the
Indies (1528), and From Declaration of Josephe (December 19,
1681) 38
THE FRENCH AND DUTCH EMPIRES 40
French Colonization 40 New France and the Indians 41
VISIONS OF FREEDOM 43 The Dutch Empire 45 Dutch
Freedom 45 Freedom in New Netherland 45 Settling
New Netherland 47 New Netherland and the Indians 47
2. BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH AMERICA,
16071660 52
ENGLAND AND THE NEW WORLD 55
Unifying the English Nation 55 England and Ireland 56
England and North America 56 Spreading Protestantism 57
Motives for Colonization 57 The Social Crisis 58 Masterless
Men 59
THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH 59
English Emigrants 59 Indentured Servants 60 Land and
Liberty 60 Englishmen and Indians 61 The Transformation
of Indian Life 62 Changes in the Land 62
SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE 63
The Jamestown Colony 63 From Company to Society 64
Powhatan and Pocahontas 64 The Uprising of 1622 65
A Tobacco Colony 66 Women and the Family 67 The
Maryland Experiment 68 Religion in Maryland 68
THE NEW ENGLAND WAY 69
The Rise of Puritanism 69 Moral Liberty 70 The Pilgrims
at Plymouth 70 The Great Migration 71 VISIONS OF
FREEDOM 72 The Puritan Family 73 Government and
Society in Massachusetts 74 Puritan Liberties 75
NEW ENGLANDERS DIVIDED 76
Roger Williams 76 Rhode Island and Connecticut 77
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From John Winthrop, Speech to the
Massachusetts General Court (July 3, 1645), and From Roger
Williams, Letter to the Town of Providence (1655) 78
The Trials of Anne Hutchinson 80 Puritans and Indians 81
The Pequot War 81 The New England Economy 82 The
Merchant Elite 83 The Half-Way Covenant 84
RELIGION, POLITICS, AND FREEDOM 84
The Rights of Englishmen 84 The English Civil War 85
Englands Debate over Freedom 86 English Liberty 87
v i i i C o n t e n t s
Content s i x
The Civil War and English America 87 The Crisis in Maryland
88 Cromwell and the Empire 88
3. CREATING ANGLO-AMERICA, 16601750 92
GLOBAL COMPETITION AND THE EXPANSION OF
ENGLANDS EMPIRE 95
The Mercantilist System 95 The Conquest of New Netherland
97 New York and the Rights of Englishmen and Englishwomen 97
New York and the Indians 98 The Charter of Liberties 98
The Founding of Carolina 99 The Holy Experiment 100
Quaker Liberty 100 Land in Pennsylvania 101
ORIGINS OF AMERICAN SLAVERY 101
Englishmen and Africans 102 Slavery in History 102 Slavery
in the West Indies 103 Slavery and the Law 105 The Rise of
Chesapeake Slavery 105 Bacons Rebellion: Land and Labor in
Virginia 106 The End of the Rebellion, and Its Consequences
107 A Slave Society 107 Notions of Freedom 108
COLONIES IN CRISIS 108
The Glorious Revolution 109 The Glorious Revolution in America
110 The Maryland Uprising 110 Leislers Rebellion 111
Changes in New England 111 The Prosecution of Witches 111
The Salem Witch Trials 112
THE GROWTH OF COLONIAL AMERICA 113
A Diverse Population 113 Attracting Settlers 114 The
German Migration 116 Religious Diversity 116
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Letter by a Female Indentured Servant
(September 22, 1756), and From Letter by a Swiss-German
Immigrant to Pennsylvania (August 23, 1769) 118
Indian Life in Transition 120 Regional Diversity 120 The
Consumer Revolution 121 Colonial Cities 122 Colonial
Artisans 122 An Atlantic World 123
SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE COLONIES 124
The Colonial Elite 124 Anglicization 125 The South
Carolina Aristocracy 126 Poverty in the Colonies 127 The
Middle Ranks 128 Women and the Household Economy 128
VISIONS OF FREEDOM 129 North America at Mid-Century 130
4. SLAVERY, FREEDOM, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR
EMPIRE TO 1763 134
SLAVERY AND EMPIRE 137
Atlantic Trade 138 Africa and the Slave Trade 139 The
Middle Passage 141 Chesapeake Slavery 141 Freedom
and Slavery in the Chesapeake 143 Indian Slavery in Early
Carolina 143 The Rice Kingdom 144 The Georgia
Experiment 144 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 145 Slavery in the
North 146
SLAVE CULTURES AND SLAVE RESISTANCE 147
Becoming African-American 147 African-American Cultures
147 Resistance to Slavery 148 The Crisis of 17391741 149
AN EMPIRE OF FREEDOM 150
British Patriotism 150 The British Constitution 150 The
Language of Liberty 151 Republican Liberty 152 Liberal
Freedom 152
THE PUBLIC SPHERE 154
The Right to Vote 154 Political Cultures 155 Colonial
Government 156 The Rise of the Assemblies 156 Politics in
Public 157 The Colonial Press 157 Freedom of Expression
and Its Limits 158 The Trial of Zenger 159 The American
Enlightenment 160
THE GREAT AWAKENING 160
Religious Revivals 161 The Preaching of Whitefield 161 The
Awakenings Impact 162
IMPERIAL RIVALRIES 163
Spanish North America 163 The Spanish in California 164
The French Empire 165
BATTLE FOR THE CONTINENT 166
The Middle Ground 166 The Seven Years War 168 A World
Transformed 169 Pontiacs Rebellion 169 The Proclamation
Line 170 Pennsylvania and the Indians 170
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From The Interesting Narrative of the Life of
Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789), and
From Pontiac, Speeches (1762 and 1763) 172
Colonial Identities 174
P a r t 2 A N e w N a t i o n , 1 7 6 3 1 8 4 0
5. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 17631783 182
THE CRISIS BEGINS 185
Consolidating the Empire 185 Taxing the Colonies 186 The
Stamp Act Crisis 187 Taxation and Representation 187
Liberty and Resistance 188 Politics in the Streets 188 The
Regulators 190 The Tenant Uprising 190
x C o n t e n t s
THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION 191
The Townshend Crisis 191 Homespun Virtue 191 The Boston
Massacre 192 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 193 Wilkes and Liberty
194 The Tea Act 194 The Intolerable Acts 194
THE COMING OF INDEPENDENCE 195
The Continental Congress 195 The Continental Association
196 The Sweets of Liberty 196 The Outbreak of War 197
Independence? 198 Common Sense 199
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Thomas Paine, Common Sense (1776), and
From James Chalmers, Plain Truth, Addressed to the Inhabitants
of America (1776) 200
Paines Impact 202 The Declaration of Independence 202
The Declaration and American Freedom 203 An Asylum for
Mankind 204 The Global Declaration of Independence 204
SECURING INDEPENDENCE 205
The Balance of Power 205 Blacks in the Revolution 207
The First Years of the War 208 The Battle of Saratoga 209
The War in the South 210 Victory at Last 212
6. THE REVOLUTION WITHIN 218
DEMOCRATIZING FREEDOM 221
The Dream of Equality 221 Expanding the Political Nation 222
The Revolution in Pennsylvania 223 The New Constitutions
224 The Right to Vote 224 Democratizing Government 225
TOWARD RELIGIOUS TOLERATION 226
Catholic Americans 226 The Founders and Religion 227
Separating Church and State 227 Jefferson and Religious
Liberty 228 The Revolution and the Churches 229
A Virtuous Citizenry 230
DEFINING ECONOMIC FREEDOM 230
Toward Free Labor 230 The Soul of a Republic 231 The
Politics of Inflation 232 The Debate over Free Trade 232
THE LIMITS OF LIBERTY 233
Colonial Loyalists 233 The Loyalists Plight 234 The Indians
Revolution 236 White Freedom, Indian Freedom 237
SLAVERY AND THE REVOLUTION 238
The Language of Slavery and Freedom 238 Obstacles to
Abolition 239 The Cause of General Liberty 240 Petitions
for Freedom 241 British Emancipators 242 Voluntary
Emancipations 243
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Abigail Adams to John Adams, Braintree,
Mass. (March 31, 1776), and From Petitions of Slaves to the
Massachusetts Legislature (1773 and 1777) 244
Abolition in the North 246 Free Black Communities 246
VISIONS OF FREEDOM 247
DAUGHTERS OF LIBERTY 248
Revolutionary Women 248 Gender and Politics 249
Republican Motherhood 250 The Arduous Struggle for
Liberty 251
7. FOUNDING A NATION, 17831789 256
AMERICA UNDER THE CONFEDERATION 259
The Articles of Confederation 259 Congress and the West 261
Settlers and the West 261 The Land Ordinances 262 The
Confederations Weaknesses 264 Shayss Rebellion 265
Nationalists of the 1780s 266
A NEW CONSTITUTION 267
The Structure of Government 267 The Limits of Democracy 268
The Division and Separation of Powers 269 The Debate over
Slavery 270 Slavery in the Constitution 271 The Final
Document 272
THE RATIFICATION DEBATE AND THE ORIGIN OF THE BILL
OF RIGHTS 273
The Federalist 273 Extend the Sphere 274 The Anti-
Federalists 275
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From David Ramsay, The History of the
American Revolution (1789), and From James Winthrop,
Anti-Federalist Essay Signed Agrippa (1787) 276
The Bill of Rights 278 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 279
WE THE PEOPLE 282
National Identity 282 Indians in the New Nation 283 Blacks
and the Republic 285 Jefferson, Slavery, and Race 287
Principles of Freedom 288
8. SECURING THE REPUBLIC, 17901815 292
POLITICS IN AN AGE OF PASSION 295
Hamiltons Program 295 The Emergence of Opposition 296
The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain 297 The Impact of the
French Revolution 297 Political Parties 299 The Whiskey
Rebellion 299 The Republican Party 300 An Expanding
Public Sphere 301 The Democratic-Republican Societies 301
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Address of the Democratic-Republican
Society of Pennsylvania (December 18, 1794), and From Judith
Sargent Murray, On the Equality of the Sexes (1790) 302
The Rights of Women 304 Women and the Republic 305
x i i C o n t e n t s
THE ADAMS PRESIDENCY 305
The Election of 1796 305 The Reign of Witches 306 The
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 307 The Revolution of 1800
308 Slavery and Politics 309 The Haitian Revolution 309
Gabriels Rebellion 310
JEFFERSON IN POWER 311
Judicial Review 312 The Louisiana Purchase 312 Lewis and
Clark 314 Incorporating Louisiana 315 The Barbary Wars
315 The Embargo 317 Madison and Pressure for War 317
THE SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 318
The Indian Response 318 Tecumsehs Vision 319 The War of
1812 319 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 320 The Wars Aftermath 323
The End of the Federalist Party 324
9. THE MARKET REVOLUTION, 18001840 328
A NEW ECONOMY 331
Roads and Steamboats 333 The Erie Canal 334 Railroads
and the Telegraph 335 The Rise of the West 336 The Cotton
Kingdom 339 The Unfree Westward Movement 340
MARKET SOCIETY 340
Commercial Farmers 342 The Growth of Cities 342 The
Factory System 343 The Industrial Worker 347 The Mill
Girls 347 The Growth of Immigration 348 Irish and
German Newcomers 348 The Rise of Nativism 350 The
Transformation of Law 351
THE FREE INDIVIDUAL 351
The West and Freedom 352 The Transcendentalists 353
Individualism 353
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Ralph Waldo Emerson, The American
Scholar (1837), and From Factory Life as It Is, by an Operative
(1845) 354
The Second Great Awakening 357 The Awakenings Impact
358 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 359
THE LIMITS OF PROSPERITY 360
Liberty and Prosperity 360 Race and Opportunity 361 The
Cult of Domesticity 362 Women and Work 363 The Early
Labor Movement 365 The Liberty of Living 366
10. DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA, 18151840 370
THE TRIUMPH OF DEMOCRACY 373
Property and Democracy 373 The Dorr War 373 Tocqueville
on Democracy 374 The Information Revolution 375 The
Content s x i i i
x i v C o n t e n t s
Limits of Democracy 376 A Racial Democracy 377 Race and
Class 377
NATIONALISM AND ITS DISCONTENTS 378
The American System 378 Banks and Money 379 The Panic
of 1819 380 The Politics of the Panic 380 The Missouri
Controversy 381 The Slavery Question 382
NATION, SECTION, AND PARTY 383
The United States and the Latin American Wars of
Independence 383
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From James Monroes Annual Message to
Congress (1823), and From John C. Calhoun, A Disquisition on
Government (ca. 1845) 384
The Monroe Doctrine 386 The Election of 1824 387 The
Nationalism of John Quincy Adams 388 Liberty Is Power 389
Martin Van Buren and the Democratic Party 389 The Election
of 1828 390
THE AGE OF JACKSON 391
The Party System 391 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 392 Democrats and
Whigs 393 Public and Private Freedom 394 Politics and
Morality 395 South Carolina and Nullification 395
Calhouns Political Theory 396 The Nullification Crisis 397
Indian Removal 398 The Supreme Court and the Indians 398
THE BANK WAR AND AFTER 401
Biddles Bank 401 The Pet Banks and the Economy 403 The
Panic of 1837 403 Van Buren in Office 404 The Election of
1840 405 His Accidency 406
P a r t 3 S l a v e r y, F r e e d o m , a n d t h e C r i s i s o f
t h e U n i o n , 1 8 4 0 1 8 7 7
11. THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION 414
THE OLD SOUTH 417
Cotton Is King 417 The Second Middle Passage 419 Slavery
and the Nation 419 The Southern Economy 420 Plain Folk of
the Old South 421 The Planter Class 422 The Paternalist
Ethos 423 The Code of Honor 423 The Proslavery Argument
424 Abolition in the Americas 425 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 426
Slavery and Liberty 427 Slavery and Civilization 428
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY 429
Slaves and the Law 429 Conditions of Slave Life 429
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Letter by Joseph Taber to Joseph
Long (1840), and From the Rules of Highland
Plantation (1838) 430
Free Blacks in the Old South 432 The Upper and Lower South
433 Slave Labor 434 Gang Labor and Task Labor 435
Slavery in the Cities 437 Maintaining Order 437
SLAVE CULTURE 438
The Slave Family 438 The Threat of Sale 439 Gender Roles
among Slaves 440 Slave Religion 440 The Gospel of
Freedom 441 The Desire for Liberty 442
RESISTANCE TO SLAVERY 443
Forms of Resistance 443 Fugitive Slaves 443 The Amistad
445 Slave Revolts 445 Nat Turners Rebellion 447
12. AN AGE OF REFORM, 18201840 452
THE REFORM IMPULSE 454
Utopian Communities 456 The Shakers 457 The Mormons Trek
458 Oneida 458 Worldly Communities 459 The Owenites
459 Religion and Reform 461 The Temperance Movement
461 Critics of Reform 462 Reformers and Freedom 462 The
Invention of the Asylum 463 The Common School 464
THE CRUSADE AGAINST SLAVERY 465
Colonization 465 Blacks and Colonization 466 Militant
Abolitionism 466 The Emergence of Garrison 467 Spreading
the Abolitionist Message 467 Slavery and Moral Suasion 469
Abolitionists and the Idea of Freedom 469 A New Vision of
America 470
BLACK AND WHITE ABOLITIONISM 471
Black Abolitionists 471 Abolitionism and Race 472 Slavery
and American Freedom 473 Gentlemen of Property and Standing
474 Slavery and Civil Liberties 475
THE ORIGINS OF FEMINISM 476
The Rise of the Public Woman 476 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 477
Women and Free Speech 478 Womens Rights 479
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Angelina Grimk, Letter in The Liberator
(August 2, 1837), and From Frederick Douglass, Speech on July 5,
1852, Rochester, New York 480
Feminism and Freedom 482 Women and Work 482 The
Slavery of Sex 484 Social Freedom 484 The Abolitionist
Schism 485
Content s x v
13. A HOUSE DIVIDED, 18401861 490
FRUITS OF MANIFEST DESTINY 493
Continental Expansion 493 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 494 The
Mexican Frontier: New Mexico and California 495 The Texas
Revolt 496 The Election of 1844 498 The Road to War 499
The War and Its Critics 499 Combat in Mexico 500 Race
and Manifest Destiny 502 Redefining Race 503 Gold-Rush
California 503 California and the Boundaries of Freedom 504
The Other Gold Rush 505 Opening Japan 505
A DOSE OF ARSENIC 506
The Wilmot Proviso 507 The Free Soil Appeal 507 Crisis and
Compromise 508 The Great Debate 509 The Fugitive Slave
Issue 510 Douglas and Popular Sovereignty 511 The
Kansas-Nebraska Act 511
THE RISE OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 513
The Northern Economy 513 The Rise and Fall of the Know-
Nothings 515 The Free Labor Ideology 516 Bleeding Kansas
and the Election of 1856 517
THE EMERGENCE OF LINCOLN 519
The Dred Scott Decision 519 The Decisions Aftermath 520
Lincoln and Slavery 520 The Lincoln-Douglas Campaign 521
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From the Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) 522
John Brown at Harpers Ferry 524 The Rise of Southern
Nationalism 525 The Democratic Split 527 The Nomination
of Lincoln 527 The Election of 1860 528
THE IMPENDING CRISIS 528
The Secession Movement 528 The Secession Crisis 529 And
the War Came 531
14. A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM: THE CIVIL WAR,
18611865 536
THE FIRST MODERN WAR 539
The Two Combatants 540 The Technology of War 541 The
Public and the War 542 Mobilizing Resources 543 Military
Strategies 544 The War Begins 544 The War in the East, 1862
545 The War in the West 546
THE COMING OF EMANCIPATION 548
Slavery and the War 548 The Unraveling of Slavery 548
Steps toward Emancipation 549 Lincolns Decision 550 The
Emancipation Proclamation 551 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 552
Enlisting Black Trops 554 The Black Soldier 555
x v i C o n t e n t s
THE SECOND AMERICAN REVOLUTION 556
Liberty and Union 556 Lincolns Vision 557 From Union to
Nation 558 The War and American Religion 558 Liberty in
Wartime 559
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Speech of Alexander H. Stephens, Vice
President of the Confederacy (March 21, 1861), and From
Abraham Lincoln, Address at Sanitary Fair, Baltimore
(April 18, 1864) 561
The Norths Transformation 562 Government and the Economy
562 Building the Transcontinental Railroad 563 The War and
Native Americans 563 A New Financial System 564 Women
and the War 565 The Divided North 567
THE CONFEDERATE NATION 568
Leadership and Government 568 The Inner Civil War 569
Economic Problems 569 Southern Unionists 570 Women and
the Confederacy 571 Black Soldiers for the Confederacy 571
TURNING POINTS 572
Gettysburg and Vicksburg 572 1864 573
REHEARSALS FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND THE END OF THE WAR 574
The Sea Island Experiment 574 Wartime Reconstruction in the
West 575 The Politics of Wartime Reconstruction 576 Victory
at Last 576 The War and the World 579 The War in
American History 580
15. WHAT IS FREEDOM?: RECONSTRUCTION,
18651877 584
THE MEANING OF FREEDOM 587
Blacks and the Meaning of Freedom 587 Families in Freedom
588 Church and School 588 Political Freedom 589 Land,
Labor, and Freedom 590 Masters without Slaves 591 The
Free Labor Vision 592 The Freedmens Bureau 592 The
Failure of Land Reform 593 Toward a New South 594 The
White Farmer 595
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Petition of Committee in Behalf of the
Freedmen to Andrew Johnson (1865), and From a Sharecropping
Contract (1866) 596
The Urban South 598 Aftermaths of Slavery 598
THE MAKING OF RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION 600
Andrew Johnson 600 The Failure of Presidential Reconstruction
600 The Black Codes 601 The Radical Republicans 602
The Origins of Civil Rights 602 The Fourteenth Amendment 603
The Reconstruction Act 604 Impeachment and the Election of
Grant 605 The Fifteenth Amendment 605 The Great
Content s x v i i
Constitutional Revolution 606 Boundaries of Freedom 607
The Rights of Women 608 Feminists and Radicals 609
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH 610
The Tocsin of Freedom 610 The Black Officeholder 611
VISIONS OF FREEDOM 613 Carpetbaggers and Scalawags 614
Southern Republicans in Power 614 The Quest for Prosperity 615
THE OVERTHROW OF RECONSTRUCTION 616
Reconstructions Opponents 616 A Reign of Terror 617 The
Liberal Republicans 618 The Norths Retreat 619 The
Triumph of the Redeemers 620 The Disputed Election and
Bargain of 1877 621 The End of Reconstruction 622
P a r t 4 T o w a r d a G l o b a l P r e s e n c e , 1 8 7 0 1 9 2 0
16. AMERICAS GILDED AGE, 18701890 630
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 633
The Industrial Economy 634 Railroads and the National Market
635 The Spirit of Innovation 636 Competition and
Consolidation 638 The Rise of Andrew Carnegie 638 The
Triumph of John D. Rockefeller 639 Workers Freedom in an
Industrial Age 641 Sunshine and Shadow: Increasing Wealth
and Poverty 642
THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WEST 643
A Diverse Region 644 Farming on the Middle Border 645
Bonanza Farms 646 Large-Scale Agriculture in California 647
The Cowboy and the Corporate West 647 The Subjugation of
the Plains Indians 648 Let Me Be a Free Man 649
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Chief Joseph of the Nez Perc Indians,
Speech in Washington, D.C. (1879), and From A Second
Declaration of Independence (1879) 650
Remaking Indian Life 653 The Dawes Act 654 Indian
Citizenship 655 The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee 655
Settler Societies and Global Wests 655
POLITICS IN A GILDED AGE 656
The Corruption of Politics 656 The Politics of Dead Center 658
Government and the Economy 659 Reform Legislation 659
Political Conflict in the States 660
FREEDOM IN THE GILDED AGE 661
The Social Problem 661 Freedom, Inequality, and Democracy 661
Social Darwinism in America 662 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 663
Liberty of Contract 664 The Courts and Freedom 664
x v i i i C o n t e n t s
LABOR AND THE REPUBLIC 666
The Overwhelming Labor Question 666 The Knights of Labor
and the Conditions Essential to Liberty 666 Middle-Class
Reformers 667 Progress and Poverty 668 The Cooperative
Commonwealth 669 Bellamys Utopia 669 A Social Gospel
670 The Haymarket Affair 670 Labor and Politics 671
17. FREEDOMS BOUNDARIES, AT HOME AND ABROAD,
18901900 676
THE POPULIST CHALLENGE 679
The Farmers Revolt 679 The Peoples Party 680 The Populist
Platform 681 The Populist Coalition 682 The Government
and Labor 684 Debs and the Pullman Strike 685 Population
and Labor 685 Bryan and Free Silver 686 The Campaign of
1896 687
THE SEGREGATED SOUTH 688
The Redeemers in Power 688 The Failure of the New South Dream
689 Black Life in the South 689 The Kansas Exodus 690
The Decline of Black Politics 691 The Elimination of Black Voting
692 The Law of Segregation 693 Segregation and White
Domination 694 The Rise of Lynching 695 The Politics of
Memory 696
REDRAWING THE BOUNDARIES 697
The New Immigration and the New Nativism 698 Chinese Exclusion
and Chinese Rights 698 The Emergence of Booker T. Washington
700 The Rise of the AFL 701 The Womens Era 701
BECOMING A WORLD POWER 703
The New Imperialism 703 American Expansionism 704 The
Lure of Empire 704 The Splendid Little War 705 Roosevelt
at San Juan Hill 706 An American Empire 707 VISIONS OF
FREEDOM 709 The Philippine War 710
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Interview with President McKinley
(1899), and From Aguinaldos Case against the United States
(1899) 712
Citizens or Subjects? 714 Drawing the Global Color Line 715
Republic or Empire? 717
18. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA, 19001916 722
AN URBAN AGE AND A CONSUMER SOCIETY 726
Farms and Cities 726 The Muckrakers 728 Immigration as a
Global Process 728 The Immigrant Quest for Freedom 731
Consumer Freedom 732 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 733 The Working
Woman 734 The Rise of Fordism 735 The Promise of
Abundance 736 An American Standard of Living 737
Content s x i x
VARIETIES OF PROGRESSIVISM 738
Industrial Freedom 738 The Socialist Presence 739
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and
Economics (1898), and From John Mitchell, The Workingmans
Conception of Industrial Liberty (1910) 741
The Gospel of Debs 742 AFL and IWW 743 The New
Immigrants on Strike 743 Labor and Civil Liberties 745
The New Feminism 746 The Rise of Personal Freedom 747
The Birth-Control Movement 747 Native-American
Progressivism 748
THE POLITICS OF PROGRESSIVISM 749
Effective Freedom 749 State and Local Reforms 749
Progressive Democracy 750 Government by Expert 751 Jane
Addams and Hull House 752 Spearheads for Reform 752
The Campaign for Womens Suffrage 753 Maternalist Reform
754 The Idea of Economic Citizenship 756
THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS 756
Theodore Roosevelt 757 Roosevelt and Economic Regulation
757 The Conservation Movement 758 Taft in Office 759
The Election of 1912 760 New Freedom and New Nationalism
760 Wilsons First Term 761 The Expanding Role of
Government 762
19. SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY: THE UNITED STATES AND
WORLD WAR I, 19161920 766
AN ERA OF INTERVENTION 770
I Took the Canal Zone 771 The Roosevelt Corollary 772
Moral Imperialism 773 Wilson and Mexico 774
AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 775
Neutrality and Preparedness 776 The Road to War 777 The
Fourteen Points 778
THE WAR AT HOME 779
The Progressives War 779 The Wartime State 780 The
Propaganda War 781 The Great Cause of Freedom 782
The Coming of Woman Suffrage 783 Prohibition 784
Liberty in Wartime 785 The Espionage Act 786 Coercive
Patriotism 787
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Eugene V. Debs, Speech to the Jury before
Sentencing under the Espionage Act (1918), and From W. E. B.
Du Bois, Returning Soldiers, The Crisis (1919) 788
WHO IS AN AMERICAN? 790
The Race Problem 790 Americanization and Pluralism 790
VISIONS OF FREEDOM 791 The Anti-German Crusade 793
Toward Immigration Restriction 794 Groups Apart: Mexicans,
x x C o n t e n t s
Puerto Ricans, and Asian-Americans 794 The Color Line 795
Roosevelt, Wilson, and Race 796 W. E. B. Du Bois and the Revival
of Black Protest 796 Closing Ranks 798 The Great Migration
and the Promised Land 798 Racial Violence, North and South
799 The Rise of Garveyism 799
1919 800
A Worldwide Upsurge 800 Upheaval in America 801 The
Great Steel Strike 802 The Red Scare 802 Wilson at
Versailles 803 The Wilsonian Moment 805 The Seeds of
Wars to Come 807 The Treaty Debate 807
P a r t 5 D e p r e s s i o n a n d W a r s , 1 9 2 0 1 9 5 3
20. FROM BUSINESS CULTURE TO GREAT DEPRESSION:
THE TWENTIES, 19201932 816
THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA 820
A Decade of Prosperity 820 A New Society 821 The Limit of
Prosperity 822 The Farmers Plight 823 The Image of
Business 824 The Decline of Labor 825 The Equal Rights
Amendment 825 Womens Freedom 826
BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT 828
The Retreat from Progressivism 828 The Republican Era 828
Corruption in Government 829
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Andr Siegfried, The Gulf Between,
Atlantic Monthly (March 1928), and From Majority Opinion,
Justice James C. McReynolds, in Meyer v. Nebraska (1923) 830
The Election of 1924 832 Economic Diplomacy 833
THE BIRTH OF CIVIL LIBERTIES 833
The Free Mob 834 A Clear and Present Danger 835 The
Court and Civil Liberties 835
THE CULTURE WARS 836
The Fundamentalist Revolt 836 VISIONS OF FREEDOM 837 The
Scopes Trial 839 The Second Klan 840 Closing the Golden
Door 841 Race and the Law 842 Pluralism and Liberty
844 Promoting Tolerance 844 The Emergence of Harlem 845
The Harlem Renaissance 846
THE GREAT DEPRESSION 847
The Election of 1928 847 The Coming of the Depression 849
Americans and the Depression 850 Resignation and Protest
851 Hoovers Response 852 The Worsening Economic Outlook
853 Freedom in the Modern World 854
Content s x x i
21. THE NEW DEAL, 19321940 858
THE FIRST NEW DEAL 861
FDR and the Election of 1932 861 The Coming of the New Deal
863 The Banking Crisis 864 The NRA 865 Government
Jobs 866 Public-Works Projects 866 The New Deal and
Agriculture 867 The New Deal and Housing 869 The Court
and the New Deal 870
THE GRASSROOTS REVOLT 871
Labors Great Upheaval 871 The Rise of the CIO 872 Labor
and Politics 874 Voices of Protest 874
THE SECOND NEW DEAL 875
The WPA and the Wagner Act 876 The American Welfare State
877 The Social Security System 878
A RECKONING WITH LIBERTY 878
FDR and the Idea of Freedom 879
VOICES OF FREEDOM: From Franklin D. Roosevelt, Fireside Chat
(1934), and From John Steinbeck,
