English HELLO, PLEASE this final work is in a PowerPoint must be 10 slides, PLEASE follow the instructions directly, each slide has a different chara

English
HELLO, PLEASE this final work is in a PowerPoint must be 10 slides, PLEASE follow the instructions directly, each slide has a different characteristic. Slides 4, 5, and 6 refer to the arguments of the introduction outline, only 3 OUTLINES should appear, even if the essay has more than 3 outlines. Photos related to the essay topic should appear in PowerPoint. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND AN EXAMPLE TO SERVE AS A GUIDE ATTACHED BELOW. I also enclose the essay so that you know what you are going to develop in the PowerPoint

Title of Project
Student Name
International Institute of Health Care Professionals / Emiraza
ENG 101 / PSP 100
Prof. Sophia Russell, EdD (ABD)
September 26, 2020
Slide 1- Cover – Author, title/ Image / Media (no more than 30 sec)

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English HELLO, PLEASE this final work is in a PowerPoint must be 10 slides, PLEASE follow the instructions directly, each slide has a different chara
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Slide 2 1. Thesis 2. Why you selected this topic

Slide 3- Argument 1

Slide 4- Argument 2

Slide 5- Argument 3

Slide 6- Opposing viewpoint or (alternate viewpoint)

Slide 7- What aspect of composition helped you the most with your arguments. Why? Explain. (Rhetoric, discourse, structure, analysis, focus, etc.)

Slide 8- Closing/Final Remarks, Dedication/Questions FINAL EXAM PRESENTATION
Slide Arrangement (template)
Slide 1 – Cover – Author, title/ Image. / Media (no more than 30 sec)
Slide 2 1. Thesis
Slide 3 – Why you selected this topic
Slide 4 – Argument 1
Slide 5 – Argument 2
Slide 6 – Argument 3
Slide 7 – Opposing viewpoint
Slide 8 – What aspect of composition helped you the most with your arguments. Why? Explain. (Rhetoric, discourse, structure, analysis, focus, etc.)
Slide 9 – Most surprising thing you learned doing this research
Slide 10 – – Closing/Final Remarks, Dedication/Questions ENDOSCOPY

1

Prior to scheduling an endoscopy procedure, the patient should inform his or her physician of any medications being taken, any allergies and all known health problems to ensure a successful experience.

Endoscopy, is the examination of internal body cavities using a specialized medical instrument called an endoscope.

3

In 1806, Philipp Bozzini, a German doctor, invented the first endoscope.

An endoscope is a slender, flexible tube equipped with lenses and a light source.

4

Endoscopy is one of the most essential procedures in modern medicine to diagnose, investigate, and screening for a wide range of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

Sedation and Preparation
Local anesthesia
Moderate sedation.(IV)

Nothing to eat or drink for six hours or more prior to the procedure

Physicians use endoscopy to

Investigation

Confirmation

Treatment

Follow-up

7

Complications
Bloating and discomfort
Sore throat
Bleeding
Infection
Tearing of the gastrointestinal tract

8

THANK YOU

9 CONCLUSION: SENILE CONTRACT.

Senile Contract.

Students Name and Number
Institution Affiliation
Professor.
Course Name and Number
Assignment Due Date

Conclusion

This essay defines senile cataract as vision impairing disease that is cause by different factors such as aging, and genetic inheritance. These causes cannot be controlled in the long run. The formation and progression of cataract can however be manipulated and delayed by taking proper care of oneself by engaging in exercise and maintain a healthy diet. Other modified risk factors that cause senile cataract according to this essay include exposure to ultraviolet radiation, smoking and metabolic defects and nutritional deficiency. These causes can be controlled in order to control the development of cataract. Senile cataract can be treated by undergoing lens extraction surgery. This procedure is only beneficial to the cataract caused by other factors other than aging and genetic inheritance. Aging, as a cause of senile cataract, is the biggest risk factor that cannot be ultimately controlled. conclusively, senile cataract is the main cause of reversible vision impairment globally. INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE 4

Introduction and Outline
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date

Purpose: To determine the risk factors to the senile cataract disease
Audience: Patients with senile cataract, physicians, professor, and the class
Argument: individuals are exposed to senile cataract as a result of the aging, nutritional inadequacy, metabolic and inherited defects, ultraviolet radiation, and smoking
I. Introduction
Senile cataract is an age-related, vision-impairing disease that leads to gradual progress in the clouding as well as thickening of the eye lens. Senile cataract is considered to be the world’s leading cause of treatable blindness. An individual with this condition is presenting with a history of the gradual and progressive visual deterioration and the disturbance in the night and the near vision. The pathophysiology behind this condition appears to be complex and yet to be fully understood. The cause of the senile cataract is a multifactorial process that involves complicated interactions between different physiologic processes modulated by the environmental, genetic, nutritional, and systematic factors. The senile cataract is caused by aging, nutritional inadequacy, metabolic and inherited defects, ultraviolet radiation, and smoking (Gupta et al., 2014).
II. Ultraviolet radiation
The lifetime ultraviolet-B exposure leads to a 60 percent increase in the risk of cataract. The higher exposure to the UV-B leads to the changes in the corneal. The electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths for example the UVR-A is contributing to the negative biological impacts with little damages in the DNA. The prolonged-exposure to the infrared rays is leading to the discoid posterior subcapsular opacities and the true exfoliation of the anterior capsule (Gupta et al., 2014).
III. Smoking
The increase in the smoking dose leads to an increase in the severity of nuclear opacities. The aromatic compounds that are found in the inhaled smoke are causing an oxidative modification of the lenticular components. Smoking is contributing to cataracts by causing an alteration of the less thorough process of oxidation. Smoking causes the accumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium in the lens (Beltran-Zambrano et al., 2019).
IV. Nutritional Inadequacy
The animal research in vitro investigations has indicated that nutritional deficiencies of the macronutrients lead to cataract. The aldose reductase required to help in the reduction of sugar is causing the formation of cataracts that is linked to the abnormalities in the metabolism of sugar. The poor nutritional status of the patients with cataracts is leading to the acceleration of the protein insolubilization in the lens (Beltran-Zambrano et al., 2019).
V. Genetic factors
The senile cataract is also caused by the anomaly in the patterns of the chromosomes of the person. About one-third of the congenital cataracts are caused by hereditary factors. The PITX3 gene is considered to be contributing to the inherited cataracts in the anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis (Gupta et al., 2014).
VI. Maternal and fetal factors
The malnutrition especially during pregnancies or in the early infancy is linked to the non-familial zonular cataract. The maternal infections such as rubella and the cytomegalo inclusion increase the exposure of the individuals to cataract (Gupta et al., 2014).
VII. Aging
The age-related senile cataract occurs among individuals of ages more than 50 years. The age-related senile cataract occurs as a result of exposure to mechanical, chemical, and radiation trauma. This condition is becoming progressively severe and common among elderly individuals. As individual ages, there is a breakdown of the protein, damages to the fiber cell membranes, inadequate glutathione, oxidative damages, increased levels of calcium in the body, and the abnormal lens epithelial cell movement and these expose an individual to senile cataract (Garg, Mullick, Nigam, & Raj, 2020).

References
Beltran-Zambrano, E., Garcia-Lozada, D., & Ibanez-Pinilla, E. (2019). Risk of cataract in smokers: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Archivos de la Sociedad Espaola de Oftalmologa (English Edition), 94(2), 60-74.
Garg, P., Mullick, R., Nigam, B., & Raj, P. (2020). Risk factors associated with the development of senile cataract. Ophthalmology Journal, 5, 17-24.
Gupta, V., Rajagopala, M., & Ravishakar, B. (2014). Etiopathogenesis of cataract: An appraisal. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 62(2), 103-110. RISK FACTORS TO SENILE CATARACT 6

Risk Factors to Senile Cataract
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date

The natural eye lens is a crystalline substance that helps in the production of a clear passage for light. Cataract refers to the opacity within this clear lens of the eye. A cataract is a major social and medical issue that majorly contributes to the higher percentages of individuals diagnosed with blindness. Senile cataract is considered to an age-associated, vision-impairing illness that is characterized by a steady progressive clouding and the thickening of the eye lens. Senile cataract is considered to the global leading cause of the treatable blindness. The key symptoms of the senile cataract are myopic shifts. The monocular diplopia, glare, and reduced visual acuity. It is only treatable through the surgical process and the insufficient surgical process leads to more complications. The insufficient surgical facilities to help in the performance of the surgical procedure has resulted in more research work to help in finding out about the modes of treatment (Gupta et al., 2014).
Senile cataract is grouped into three categories i.e. nuclear cataract, cortical cataract, and the posterior subcapsular cataract. Senile cataract is caused by the multifactorial pathogenesis process that is involving a complicated interaction between a different physiologic process that is modulated by the environment, genetic, nutritional, and systematic factors. Therefore, various factors are considered to be contributing to multiple mechanisms leading to the loss of transparency of the lens. These factors make the lens epithelium to undergo age-related changes for example reduction in the lens epithelium and the aberrant differentiation of the lens fibers. Individuals are exposed to the senile cataract as a result of the risk factors such as smoking, ultraviolet radiation, inherited defects, nutritional inadequacy, and age (Garg et al., 2020).
Smoking
The cigarette smoke is extremely toxic and it is composed of more than 4,000 active compounds such as tar, polycyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons among others. Smoking has been directly connected to the two leading causes of vision loss, cataracts, and macular degeneration. Research has shown that smokers are at a double risk of developing cataracts as compared to non-smokers. The senile cataract occurs when the clear lens naturally grows cloudy with time. This leads to the blurry vision, faded colors, and the increased sensitivity to the glare. Smoking leads to the alteration of the cells of the lens through the oxidation process. It also leads to an increase in the accumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium in the eye lens. Therefore, smoking exposes individuals to the senile cataract (Bragin et al., 2017).
Age
Age is considered to be the biggest risk factor for the cataract and as individual ages, the risk of the disease increases. The age-related senile cataract is caused by the changes in the later stages of the lifespan. As the individual ages, there are molecular changes in the crystalline lens. This leads to a gradual decrease in transparency. The aging processes of the crystalline lens reaches a point whereby the vision becomes impaired. For the individuals of ages more than 50 years, there are mechanical, chemical, and radiation trauma that exposes individuals to the senile cataract. The condition is becoming more severe and common in elderly individuals. There are a breakdown and the aggregating proteins, oxidative damages, and increased levels of calcium thus exposing elderly individuals to the senile cataract. The mechanical processes leading to the abnormal lens epithelium cell movement, the oxidative damages, and the increased level of calcium is caused by dehydration crisis, hypertension, and smoking among others. Therefore, the aging process is associated with several changes in the eye lens that exposes individuals to senile cataract (Gupta et al., 2014).
The radiation and the electromagnetic waves
The radiation includes ultra-violet rays, infrared, and electromagnetic waves. Research has shown that there are regions with higher UV radiation in Australia and have recorded high cases of cataracts thus linking the UV radiation as a risk factor to the disease. The report also shows that the incidence of cataracts in regions with an average of 12 hours of daily sunlight exposure is 3.8 times higher as compared to the regions receiving 7 hours of exposure in Nepal. The electromagnetic radiation that has longer waves for example UVR-A is contributing to adverse biological impacts. The exposure to the solar UVR leads to the lens epithelial damages and the swelling of the lens fibers. The UVR-B of size 300nm passes cornea then gets absorbed by the lens epithelium thus causing the damage (Gupta et al., 2014).
The prolonged exposure to the infrared rays leads to the discoid posterior subcapsular opacities and the oxfoliation of the anterior capsule. Exposure to microwave radiation leads to cataract. The insufficiently protected technicians, patients being treated for the malignant tumors, and the employees working in the atomic energy plants are prone to cataract disease. Therefore, radiation and electromagnetic waves are among the risk factors exposing individuals to the senile cataract (Gupta et al., 2014).
Nutritional inadequacy
Nutritional factors play an important role in the cataract illness and healthy eating index (HEI) is being utilized as a unique strategy to the study of the connection between the diet and the illness. The risk of cataracts increases with the high consumption of meat and dairy products as compared to the consumption of the vegetables and consumption of less meat. Nutrition is also linked to cataract disease formation due to diarrhea and poverty. The deficiencies of the micronutrient are interfering with the antioxidant systems in the eye lens. The application of the nutritional supplements and the balancing of the antioxidants in the older age and during diarrhea is helping in the prevention of the senile cataract. Individuals with low diet in antioxidants such as vitamin E, C, thiamine, lutein, flavonoids, and the carotenoids are exposed to the cataract disease (Ghanavati, et al., 2015).
Inherited defects
The cataract disease that occurs as a result of the genetic factors is usually caused by the anomaly in the chromosomal patterns of the individuals. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the congenital cataracts are caused by hereditary. The genetic factors are accounting for 50 percent of the risk for age-related cataracts. The family-based linkage research works have determined the number of genetic exposure loci for the age-associated cataract. Some genes are involved in the antioxidant metabolism, galactose metabolism, heat shock stress response, and the ephrin signaling pathways. The characterization of the underlying genetic causes of the cataracts is linked to the non-surgical treatments for age-related cataracts. The genetic cause of senile cataract is linked to the cases such as the retinal degenerations; multisystem genetic illness like the chromosome abnormalities, the Lowe syndrome and the neurofibromatosis; and the developmental anomalies. There is also a PITX3 gene that leads to the inherited cataracts within the interior segments of the mesenchymal dysgenesis (Gupta et al., 2014).

References
Bragin, E., Azizova, T. V., & Bannikova, M. V. (2017). Risk of senile cataract among nuclear industry workers. Vestnik Oftalmologii, 133(2), 57-63.
Garg, P., Mullick, R., Nigam, B., & Raj, P. (2020). Risk factors associated with the development of senile cataract. Ophthalmology Journal, 5, 17-24.
Ghanavati, M., Behrooz, M., Rashidkhani, B., Ashtray-Larky, D., Zamenni, D. S., & Alipour, M. (2015). Healthy Eating Index in Patients With Cataract: A Case-Control Study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 17(10), e22490.
Gupta, V. B., Rakagopala, M., & Ravishankar, B. (2014). Etiopathogenesis of cataract: An appraisal. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 62(2), 103-110.

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