Interpreting Statistical Output for Data Analysis PowerPoint Presentation
Interpreting Statistical Output for Data Analysis PowerPoint Presentation
Purpose:
The purpose of this Assignment is to enable you to present the information that you gather from a systematic review on your PICOT topic. This activity will give you the experience to present what your research findings to others.
Urinary Tract Infections
Directions:
Define the clinical key questions based on PICOT.
Briefly review the database selected for key clinical questions.
Identify the studies of the database search that are a Level I or II evidence.
Interpret the statistical results of the studies identified in Step 3.
Design a presentation.
Place results /overview of research in PowerPoint.
Length of the presentation should be 1215 slides.
Follow APA format.
To view the Grading Rubric for this Assignment, please visit the Grading Rubrics section of the Course Resources.
Assignment Requirements:
Before finalizing your work, you should:
be sure to read the Assignment description carefully (as displayed above);
consult the Grading Rubric (under the Course Resources) to make sure you have included everything necessary; and
utilize spelling and grammar check to minimize errors.
Your writing Assignment should:
follow the conventions of Standard English (correct grammar, punctuation, etc.);
be well ordered, logical, and unified, as well as original and insightful;
display superior content, organization, style, and mechanics; and
use APA 6th Edition format.
Running Head: URINARY TRACT INFECTION 1
URINARY TRACT INFECTION 7
Urinary Tract Infection
Name
Institution Affiliation
Date
Introduction
Urinary tract infections are more prevalent in women than in men since the anatomy of the female reproductive system is exposed and can contact the infection quickly than men. The urethra is very short; therefore, as it links the bladder, it makes it easy to allow bacteria to enter and cause a lot of damage. On the other hand, the urethral opening is near the anus. The anus contains a large number of E. coli bacteria which cause the urinary tract infection, therefore, making women more susceptible to the infections (Occhipinti, Germano & Maffei,2016). The anus and the vagina are close, and they can transmit the infection since many of the bacteria originate from the anus. Several factors increase the chances of getting UTI in women, such as frequent change of sex partners, menopause and birth control method that is used. UTIs are not a women disease but also affects men. Some situations lead to both men and women contracting the UTIs. They include urinary surgery, blockage of the urinary tract that is brought about by kidney stones and weak immunity of an individual.
Discussion
Nurses stand a better chance to explain some of the hygienic practices that persons are required to carry out in controlling UTIs. Such practices include wiping the front to back to avoid contact of the urethral opening from being exposed to the bacteria that are in large numbers from the anus. Sexual activities can increase the chance of one getting UTIs, especially in women because the sexual reproductive organs of women are attached to the urinary tract; makes women vulnerable to the infection. Women are advised immediately after sex they should urinate so that the bacteria can be flashed off from the body. Washing of the genitalia before and after sex will also cut the risk of getting UTIs. The genitalia will be clean and reduce the chance of getting the infection spreading into the urethra. Frequent changing of partners results in the spread of the infection from one to another. Practising sexual discipline will work a great deal in controlling the UTIs.
Naturally, the vagina contains a large number of natural bacteria which are of great importance in keeping the vagina health and balance the acidity and alkalinity of the vagina. Such bacteria are lactobacilli. The strong soaps and scented products that are used by women disrupt the PH balance and allow the growth of harmful bacteria. Such instances will increase the impact of the infection since they dwell in an acidic environment which will support them in multiplication. The infection is more in women since they have an extensive urinary tract and the infecting bacteria readily gets into the body of the women. The infection is more prolific to women who don’t observe body hygiene properly, and this has been an effect that is placing women in a position that they are not able to handle situations. Men have a shorter urinary tract, and this helps men to have little complications in the tract. Additionally, the track is not open; thus, it will not be able to contact the infection. Having the tract closed helps men to have little exposure that has provided an excellent impact to survive without UTI infections.
Cranberries consumption is among the ways of preventing the urinary tract infection since the traditional medication has the proanthocyanidins. The preventive substance helps to prevent the E. coli from spreading the body tissues of the urinary tract; this will help have the best ways of having the PH of the urinary tract to be at a balance not supporting the body to have the best way of fighting back the bacteria. The cranberries have vitamins C, which mainly increases the acidity of the urine so that they can reduce the growth of the bacteria. The vitamins c will help have a balanced PH in the vagina which will be a boost of having the body to have the balance of having the bacteria backed off the body. The consumption of the cranberries will help have the best ways of having the PH of the body to a balance of neutral, thus having the basis of having all activities at balance. Despite the healing of the UTI, the medicine is a low essential product that will have the body recovering slowly and having the production of other illness that will fuel the growth of bacteria in the urinary tract. The cranberry that is required should be purely juice with a lot of sugar, and this will help to have a conducive environment that will help have the bacteria of the body (Singh, Gautam & Kaur, 2016). Eating fresh and frozen cranberries will help have the bacteria reduced in the body, and this will help have a healthy body that will ensure they have all aspects of the contents of the treatment covered in the body.
Populations such as infants, pregnant women and older women as prone to infection of the UTI. Young children who have the UTI in some cases they have structural abnormalities of the urinary system that will have the chances of having a urinary infection that will have the most attacking point of the system (Jepson, Williams & Craig, 2012). Some infants may not show signs and symptoms of the infection. Pregnant women are more prone to the UTI because of changes in hormones and production of fluids in the urinary tract that makes it to be neutral. A neutral environment favours the growth of the UTI bacteria, and this has made pregnant women be in danger of the infection. The growth of the uterus makes the bladder to have pressure, and this has resulted in having more complications in the urinary tract, which has made women have a worrying condition that will have the burning feeling. Older women have reached the stage of menopause, and they are producing little hormones and the fluids in the tract; this results in a neutral environment that favours the survival of the bacteria.
Women who use products that contain the content of the cranberry have low chances of getting urinary tract infection than those who dont use (Fu et al.,2017). When they have the content in the body, they can fight the infection, and their tract has an acidic PH that would not allow bacteria to survive. Women who take cranberry components have high acidity in the vagina, and this helps to have a conducive environment of bacteria-free. The diagnosis of women who use cranberry derived products is less than those who don’t since they have more acidic vagina than those who don’t use the product. The dose will have little to do with the products since they already have the products in the body. The product of the cranberry products has the advantage of having an acidic vagina that will help make the bacteria to die and have little multiplication.
Cranberry derived products should be taken mostly in the morning and the evening so that they can raise the ant-adhesion in the body (Fu et al.,2017). This will help the body to have all activities that would be needed in the body so that they can have the best way of having their covering of the PH in the body. Taking the products in the evening will help the body to respond to the reactions when the body is relaxed, and this will help make advances in the level of acidity in the body. The body responds to changes quickly when its at a relaxed mode, and this will help boost the derived products take to work well in the body. The excellent products grams of derived cranberry are 72mg, and this will work effectively in the production of the protection and advancements of products that will help recover the PH of the body when it has lost its optimal levels (Jepson, Williams & Craig, 2012). The content below 72mg will not work effectively in the body, and this will make the PH not to be optimal in body parts that it’s needed to be high in acidity and low in basic. Through this imbalance, the situation will lead to having infections that will result in having UTI.
In America, many complications are associated with the infection that affects the urinary body tract. Persistent illness of the urinary may result to infects and other complications that may result to having the body to have abnormalities that will result to having the body to have other illness such as gonorrhoea since the body is vulnerable to infections that are associated with the body part that is affected (Matuszkiewicz-Rowiska, Mayszko & Wieliczko,2015). The body will have little fighting effort that will make it have week body protection capability of infections that are associated with the diseases that affect the body part. The high numbers of infection in America are caused by inadequate intake of cranberry derived products that would have built the body to have stable fighting off infections.
Conclusion
Conclusively, urinary tract infection is caused by bacteria doesn’t survive in acidic conditions; therefore, health practitioners should encourage patients to take vitamin C products that will help in raising the acidity in the urinary tract. Education of people about UTI would have a boost in the health sectors by enlightening people to have a better control measure this will help them to have a right way of containing the spread and effects that may come up with the infection. Cranberry is among the treatment that patients should take since it works effectively with many of the patients who have been treated with it. Eating cranberry derived products will be plus to protecting UTI infection, and this will help make a good boost of the body on fighting the infection. Taking anti-biotic will help make the body to adapt to the healing mechanisms that will be prescribed by a practitioner, and this will help in cleaning up the urinary tract.
Reference
Fu, Z., Liska, D., Talan, D., & Chung, M. (2017). Cranberry reduces the risk of urinary tract infection recurrence in otherwise healthy women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of Nutrition,147(12), 2282-2288.
Jepson, R. G., Williams, G., & Craig, J. C. (2012). Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections.Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (10).
Matuszkiewicz-Rowiska, J., Mayszko, J., & Wieliczko, M. (2015). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy: old and new unresolved diagnostic and therapeutic problems.Archives of medical science: AMS,11(1), 67.
Occhipinti, A., Germano, A., & Maffei, M. E. (2016). Prevention of urinary tract infection with Oximacro, a cranberry extract with a high content of a-type proanthocyanidins: a pre-clinical double-blind controlled study.Urology Journal,13(2), 2640-2649.
Singh, I., Gautam, L. K., & Kaur, I. R. (2016). Effect of oral cranberry extract (standardized proanthocyanidin-A) in patients with recurrent UTI by pathogenic E. coli: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical research study.International urology and nephrology,48(9), 1379-1386. Data analysis
Anna Yi
Purdue Global University
MN 504 Scientific and Analytic Approaches to Advanced Evidenced-Based Practice
Dr. Diggins
picot
What is it?
Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Time Frame
Formulation of a well-constructedPICOTquestion yields a pathway for seeking and applying the body of existing knowledge and provides a mechanism for determining whether the question, as posed, can be answered (Elias et al., 2015, p. 594).
intro
2
My Picot question
In women with history of recurrent miscarriages(P), does taking progesterone compared to low molecular weight heparin(I/C) decrease the risks of recurring pregnancy loss(O)?
Clinical questions
Background questions provide general knowledge (Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt, 2019)
What is considered a miscarriage?
What is the first step after recurring miscarriage?
What are the causes of pregnancy loss?
Foreground questions can be answered with studied evidence and using journal articles (Eldredge, 2008).
Does progesterone supplements lower chances of another miscarriage?
Can taking low doses of aspirin prevent miscarriage?
Defined key clinical question with reference to evidence-based databank (for example, Pubmed, Medline, CINAHL, etc).
4
Key clinical questions
Are there any maternal risks or complications in hormone or anticoagulant therapy?
What are potential complications or associated negative fetal outcomes in hormone or anticoagulant therapy?
What are other usual methods of treatment for recurrent miscarriages?
Level I
Evidence from a systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCT) ((Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019, p. 18)
Level II
Evidence obtained from well-designed RCTs (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019, p. 18).
Levels of evidence
6
Cochrane Database
Cochrane offers a smaller, manageable amount of studies including randomized controlled trial (RCTs) and systematic Cochrane reviews (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019).
Keywords searches: recurrent miscarriages AND progesterone AND low molecular weight heparin AND aspirin
Time adjustment to search publications within 6 years
Results: 5 Cochrane reviews, 27 trials
Level one: evidence from a systematic review or meta-analysis of all RCTs that are relevant highest level of evidence
Level two: evidence obtained from a well-designed RCT
7
Level 1 evidence
Article 1: Progesterone for Preventing Miscarriages in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage of Unclear Etiology
Objective: to determine the effectiveness and safety of using progesterone therapy to prevent reoccurring pregnancy loss
Method: A randomized controlled trial searching Cochranes Pregnancy and Childbirths Trails Register, MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO)
Participants: 1684 women were a part of the 12 trials (8 trials compared with placebo and remaining 4 trials compared progesterone administration with no treatment)
Main Results: The meta-analysis shows that women who have experienced three or more miscarriages versus two showed reduction in miscarriage rates while taking progesterone. Also, probable reduction in miscarrying again for women taking progesterone versus placebo/control (Haas, et al., 2019).
Level one: evidence from a systematic review or meta-analysis of all RCTs that are relevant highest level of evidence
8
Pubmed database
PubMed is a free database with access to citations from life science journals maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the NLM at the National Library of Medicine (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2019).
Keyword searches: recurrent miscarriages AND low molecular weight heparin
Time adjustment to search publications within 10 years
Results: 32 results, 10 RCTs
Level 2 Evidence
Article 2: “Low-Molecular-Weight-Heparin for the Treatment of Unexplained Recurrent Miscarriage With Negative Antiphospholipid Antibodies: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Objective: Assessing the efficacy of low-molecular-weigh-heparin (LMWH) as a treatment for women who have experienced recurrent miscarriages (RM) and tested negative for antiphospholipid antibodies. The primary outcome is the continuation of pregnancy beyond 20 weeks (Shaaban, et al., 2017)
Method: An RCT of 300 women randomly assigned into 2 groups: study and control.
Participants: 300 women who are patients of Assiut Women Health Hospital and Nag-Hamady Central Hospital with 3 or more RM. (150 women receiving LMWH with daily folic acid as a study group and 150 women in the control group receiving just folic acid)
Main Results: A significant number of women who were in the study group taking LMWH (4500 IU subcutaneous) were able to continue their pregnancy over 20 weeks in comparison to the control group receiving just folic acid (500 mcg) (Shaaban, et al., 2017)
Referenced randomized control study research and systematic review of randomized control studies (Level 1 and 2 Evidence).
Level two: evidence obtained from a well-designed RCT
10
Analysis of both levels of evidence
Article 1
Women with 3 or more miscarriages show reduction in miscarriage compared to women with two miscarriages.
95% CI 0.34 to 1.01
Reduction of miscarriage for women taking progesterone supplement compared to placebo/control group.
95% CI 1.00 to 1.13
P < 0.10
Moderatequality evidence
(Haas, et al., 2019).
Article 2
Women taking LMWH on top of folic acid in early pregnancy decreased chances of miscarriage before 20 weeks of gestation
Study group (4500 IU Tinzaparin sodium & 500 mc folic acid)
P= .002
Birth baby and discharged in women taking LMWH
P= .001
(Shaaban, et al., 2017)
Provides an overview of the evidence using descriptive statistics, inlcuding the sample size, p-factor and strength of evidence.
11
conclusion
Negative maternal outcomes show little to no difference in using progesterone (Haas, et al., 2019). With a safe dose, LMWH shows to be safe however, a small percentage developed ecchymosis at injection site (Shaaban, et al., 2017).
Use of LMWH showed no cases of fetal congenital anomalies (Shaaban, et al., 2017). However, the evidence is considered low quality showing the effect in using progesterone and preterm birth (Haas, et al., 2019). Furthermore, there were no reports of neonatal death, congenital abnormalities, low birthweight (Haas, et al., 2019).
There is moderate quality of evidence that shows hormone therapy can reduce the risk of miscarriage for partners who have experience three or more miscarriages (Haas, et al., 2019). Also provided is a level two evidence (RCT) showing that starting LMWH early in pregnancy can decreases the chances of miscarriage before 20 weeks of gestation (Shaaban, et al., 2017).
conclusion
12
references
Elias, B. L., Polancich, S., Jones, C., & Colvin, S. (2015). Evolving the PICOT method for the digital age: The PICOT-D.Journal of Nursing Education,54(10), 594-599. doi:http://dx.doi.org.libauth.purdueglobal.edu/10.3928/01484834-20150916-09
Haas, D. M., Hathaway, T. J., & RamseyP. S., (2019). Progestogen for preventing miscarriage in women with recurrent miscarriage of unclear etiology. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD003511. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub5.
Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2019).Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
Shaaban, O. M., Abbas, A. M., Zahran, K. M., Fathalla, M. M., Anan, M. A., & Salman, S. A. (2017). Low-molecular-weight-heparin for the treatment of unexplained recurrent miscarriage with negative antiphospholipid antibodies: A randomized controlled trial.Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis: Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis,23(6), 567572. https://doi.org/10.1177/1076029616665167
references
13
