Need help with English Comp. II
3.2: Draft an Argumentative Research Essay
ASSIGNMENT:Using your outline and annotated bibliography from assignments 1.2 and 2.2, draft a 6-8 page argumentative research essay on your chosen topic.
In order to foster learning and growth, all essays you submit must be newly written specifically for this course. Any recycled work will be sent back with a 0, and you will be given one attempt to redo the Touchstone.
As this assignment builds onAssignment 1.2 Research, Thesis, Outline, and 2.2: Create an Annotated Bibliography, they are attached.
Attached is a example of what is expected.
A. Assignment Guidelines
DIRECTIONS:Refer to the list below throughout the writing process. Do not submit your Touchstone until it meets these guidelines.
1. Argumentative Thesis Statement
Have you included a thesis in your introduction that takes a clear, specific position on one side of a debatable issue?
2. Argument Development
Are all of the details relevant to the purpose of your essay?
Is the argument supported using rhetorical appeals and source material?
Is your essay 6-8 pages (approximately 1500-2000 words)? If not, which details do you need to add or remove?
3. Research
Have you cited outside sources effectively using quotation, summary, or paraphrase techniques?
Are the sources incorporated smoothly, providing the reader with signal phrases and context for the source information?
Have you referenced a range of at least 7 credible sources?
Have you properly cited your sources according to APA style guidelines?
Have you included an APA style reference page below your essay?
4. Reflection
Have you answered all reflection questions thoughtfully and included insights, observations, and/or examples in all responses?
Are your answers included on a separate page below the main assignment?
B. Reflection
DIRECTIONS:Below your assignment, include answers to all of the following reflection questions.
1. Provide one example of a place where you have used rhetorical appeals or source material to support your argument. How does this enhance your essay? (2-3 sentences)
2. Touchstone 4 is a revision of this draft. What kind of feedback would be helpful for you as you revise? Are there parts of your draft that youre uncertain of? (3-4 sentences)
d.dan3142 Write a Research Question, Thesis, and Outline 1
d.dan3142
English Composition II
July 29, 2020
Research question: How does the availability of voting during a crucial time of a pandemic impact an election period ethically?
Working thesis statement: For ethical, democratic, and integrity purposes, policymakers should adopt a timely and secure voting system during the election period encompassed with the pandemic.
Detailed Outline
Working Thesis in Introduction: For ethical, democratic, and integrity purposes, policymakers should adopt a timely and secure voting system during the election period encompassed with the pandemic.
A. Electoral statistics on pandemics’ implications on election
B. Electoral system integrity, the security of the election system
Source 1: Perera on government ethics during this time of pandemic
Source 2: Martin-Rozumilowicz and Kuel on how to maintain the integrity of elections during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Source 3: Ace on Electoral Integrity.
I. Ethical Issues
A. Pandemic’s victims’ cases rise
B. Electoral insecurity and voters coercion
Source 1: Miller on the ethics of campaigning during a pandemic, paragraphs 5 to 8
Source 2: Perera on how the COVID-19 pandemic may affect how we vote, paragraphs 6 to 9
II. Democratic Issues
A. Election postponement
B. Restrictive voting
Source 1: Cooper on to vote or postpone? Elections in Africa in the time of COVID-19
Source 2: Lopez on Texas voters caught in the middle of a battle over mail-in voting
III. Integrity issues
A. Voters’ suppression and election fraud
Source 1: Kamarck, Ibreak, Powers, and Stewart on are American elections pandemic-proof? A state-by-state scorecard
Source 2: James on the new development: running elections during a pandemic
IV. Benefits of a Timely election
A. Promotes transparency, accountability, inclusivity, and equal opportunities to compete in an election.
B. Preserves the democracy of the citizens
Source: Sahley, USAID, on supporting free and fair elections
V. Achieving Election Security through Online voting
A. Block-chain enabled electronic voting
B. Mail and absentee voting
Source: Kshetri, Nir, and Voas on Blockchain-Enabled E-voting
VI. Counterargument
A. Absentee voting is significantly prone to increased fraud than on-voting
B. Mistrust of the election results and complexity of the system leaves the policymakers with no option than postponing the election
Source: Porup on online voting is impossible to secure. So why are some governments using it?
VII. Conclusion
A. Adopting an encrypted online voting system is better to safeguard ethics, democracy, and integrity aspects of an election and to achieve a secure election free from postponement risks.
Source: Yang, Yi, Nepal, Kelarev, and Han on a secure verifiable ranked-choice online voting system based on homomorphic encryption
Reflection Questions
1. Learning to conduct research is vital because it is a skill you will use both in academia and in your professional life. It improves critical thinking and empowers you to find information for yourself. Consider the process of researching as a whole. What was the most challenging aspect of the process for you? (2-3 sentences)
Time used for the research, acquiring the articles, and examining their credibility and reliability were the most challenging elements of this study. This assignment demands a couple of resources to complete; therefore, it consumed much of the time to find and choose the most appropriate and recent for the study.
2. The working thesis statement is a proposed answer to your research question. It should clearly identify a debatable topic and take a position on one side of that topic. Analyze the effectiveness of your working thesis statement. (3-4 sentences)
The working thesis for this assignment is precise, relevant, and direct to the point since it addresses the ongoing aspect of the society making is possible for debate. I have established the approaches and reasons to consider conducting the election instead of altogether avoiding it due to the pandemics. The thesis has determined why the plan is crucial and strategies to adopt to improve.
3. A detailed outline is an effective tool for laying out the progression of an argument. It allows you to consider the arrangement and organization of your ideas, as well as choose places to incorporate outside source materials. Review your detailed outline and summarize the argument you’ve presented. (3-4 sentences)
I began by establishing the ethical, democratic, and integrity concerns related to pandemics’ impact on the election process. Afterward, I have presented the benefits of a timely and secure election to achieve democracy, morality, and integrity of an election. Additionally, I have also established counterargument elements to depict the aspects that still exist to threaten the research’s concern even after adopting those measures. In the end, the outline sets it is better to conduct the election under limited risks than a full postponement.
4. You will use the same topic on three of the remaining Touchstones in this course. What kind of feedback would be helpful for you? What are the specific questions you might have as you go deeper into the research process? (2-3 sentences)
I believe in the information depicted on this assignment; however, I would want to earn more on the essay’s structure and formatting to help arrange the content of the task. Additionally, the research question could be complicated for someone who has limited knowledge of the topic. Thus I would establish it deeper to elaborate on the safe, ethical, and democratic electoral process during pandemics. d.dan3142 Annotated Bibliography Eng. Comp. II pg. 1
d.dan3142
English Composition II
August 12, 2020
Annotated Bibliography
Martin-Rozumilowicz, B., & Kuel, R. (2020).FPC Briefing: How to Maintain Integrity of Elections during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The Foreign Policy Center. RetrievedAugust9, 2020, fromhttps://fpc.org.uk/how-to-maintain-integrity-of-elections-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/
The authors ascertain that pandemics have been existent that affect the quality of democracy and the democratic election’s operations among the states. The autocrats use pandemic excuses to declare a state of emergency to lengthen their stay in power, instrumentalizing the crisis for authoritarian. The authors suggest safe online voting and technology use in voting to ensure continued integrity in elections as the COVID-19 pandemic persists. This source is of critical use in my assignment, especially in the introduction. It recognizes all aspects of integrity and unethical practices that authoritarians execute to undermine the integrity of an election while featuring the ongoing crisis.
(Credible Website)
Perera,M. (2020).How the COVID-19 pandemic may affect how we vote. Santa Clara University.https://www.scu.edu/ethics-spotlight/covid-19-ethics-health-and-moving-forward/how-the-covid-19-pandemic-may-affect-how-we-vote/?
The author acknowledges that COVID-19 is significantly changing the social life, and it does to the voting ideas. Perera states voting in person, and physical is election is nearly too impossible, and thus mail voting would depict the best approach. The author establishes the change is hard to impose immediately. Therefore, it is prone to the potential for ballot stealing, election fraud, and coercion to vote in a specific manner. This source is credible and relevant for the research since it depicts the election ethics undermined by the changes in the election process dynamics. It will provide a crucial element to support my points on unethical practices in elections during the Pandemic period.
(Credible Website)
Cooper,J. (2020). To go ahead with the vote or to postpone? Elections in Africa in the time of COVID-19.African Renewal.https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/july-2020/vote-or-postpone-elections-africa-time-covid-19
The author acknowledges the ongoing COVID-19 crises and suggests whether an election should take place or postponed in the course of the pandemic. He further indicates that the election process should proceed taking precautionary measures referring to the past lessons learned from the Ebola outbreak in D.R. Congo. The author further states that an election process plan should be in place before ensuring preparedness and understanding changes to be made in the process. This source is useful to my research since it addresses a potential threat to democratic practices: election postponement. Additionally, it provides a possible solution to the danger presented. Therefore, it will help me boost the democracy protection argument of the research.
(Magazine)
James,T.S. (2020). New development: Running elections during a pandemic.Public Money & Management, 1-4.https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2020.1783084
The author establishes the challenges for global election delivery during pandemic seasons. He further encourages the government, and other electoral process stakeholders to create a political understanding for the whole process. He suggests for resource sufficiency, risk assessment, and critical changes to mitigate factors like inaction, election unpreparedness, closed decision making, rickety resourcing, and delayed legislation in an election process. This article is useful for the research since it provides an elaborated role for every player to maintain an election’s integrity, an aspect that I aim to address based on ethical considerations.
(Peer-Reviewed Article)
Kshetri,N., & Voas,J. (2018). Blockchain-enabled E-voting.IEEE Software,35(4), 95-99.https://doi.org/10.1109/ms.2018.2801546
The author acknowledges election malpractices such as fraud and coercion that result from online voting systems. He thus suggests a Blockchain-enabled E-voting that would mitigate voter fraud and increase voters’ accessibility to the system. The BEV utilizes secured, and its implementation would be beneficial transparency and ethical consideration. This article is relevant and useful for my research since it aims to suggest a systematic program that would help mitigate ethical issues arising from election processes in the pandemic period. It is essential to back up my points in election achievement through a secure online system section of the research paper.
(Peer-Reviewed Article)
Porup,J.M. (2018).Online voting is impossible to secure. So why are some governments using it?CSO Online. RetrievedAugust9, 2020, fromhttps://www.csoonline.com/article/3269297/online-voting-is-impossible-to-secure-so-why-are-some-governments-using-it.html
The author suggests that the purpose of an election is not just a competition but also a process to promote democracy. Despite its advantage in helping large voters’ turnout, online voting is prone to hackers putting democracy at stake. Online voting is fragile and vulnerable to insecurities. The author establishes that online voting is the incumbents’ strategy to undermine democracy since it does not disclose its codes for public scrutiny. This source is crucial for the counter-argument section of the research since it provides a contradicting suggestion as to the assignment propose.
(Credible Website)
Yang,X., Yi,X., Nepal,S., Kelarev,A., & Han,F. (2018). A secure verifiable ranked choice online voting system based on homomorphic encryption.IEEE Access,6, 20506-20519.https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2817518
The authors suggest an effective online voting system and stand against the paper-based voting that consumes resources and destroys forests contributing to climate change. Its application has been initiate in some US institutions, India, and Brazil. The authors suggest homomorphic encryption of these systems for improved integrity, security, and ensuring the election’s confidentiality for integrity and validity. This source is useful for my research since it provides concrete concluding remarks for justifying the process of obtaining ethical electoral processes and ensuring democracy and integrity in election systems. It contains robust elements for the conclusion section of the research.
(Peer-Reviewed Article)
Reflection Questions:
1. Accurately recording bibliographic information is essential and saves you time, as you can transfer this information to the References page of your drafted essay. Each source entry should include a summary of the source as well as 3-4 sentences describing how you intend to use that source to build or support your argument. Discuss how your annotated bibliography meets these criteria. (2-3 sentences)
My annotated bibliography adheres to all these requirements. I have established a summary of every source and explained its elements I am going to incorporate in various sections of the research paper. It is crucial for the smooth and procedural gathering of information for research paper writing.
2. Which strategies were most helpful for you when searching for credible sources? (2-3 sentences)
In the searching process, I considered when a source was published to acquire current and updated information regarding my research question. Additionally, it used the authors’ or publishers’ reputation to ensure the reliability of the sources. I believe these aspects have been helpful for acquisition and utilization purposes.
3. What difficulties did you face while searching for credible sources? How did you overcome these difficulties? (2-3 sentences)
In the searching process, I encountered some challenges finding a source that views the ethical and unethical viewpoints concurrently, which could clear the possibility bias my arguments at the end of the assignment. I overcame this difficulty by comparing various sources that hold a single viewpoint and combining their ideas with a single solid argument. Sophia Pathways for College Credit English Composition II
SAMPLE TOUCHSTONE AND SCORING
Logan Stevens
English Composition II
December 20, 2019
Wheres the Beef?: Ethics and the Beef Industry
Americans love their beef. Despite the high rate of its consumption, in recent years
people in the United States have grown increasingly concerned about where their food comes
from, how it is produced, and what environmental and health impacts result from its production.
These concerns can be distilled into two ethical questions: is the treatment of cattle humane and
is there a negative environmental impact of beef production? For many, the current methods of
industrial beef production and consumption do not meet personal ethical or environmental
standards. Therefore, for ethical and environmental reasons, people should limit their beef
consumption.
The first ethical question to consider is the humane treatment of domesticated cattle. It
has been demonstrated in multiple scientific studies that animals feel physical pain as well as
emotional states such as fear (Grandin & Smith, 2004, para. 2). In Concentrated Animal Feeding
Operations (CAFOs), better known as factory farms due to their industrialized attitude toward
cattle production, cattle are often confined to unnaturally small areas; fed a fattening, grain-based
diet; and given a constant stream of antibiotics to help combat disease and infection. In his essay,
An Animals Place, Michael Pollan (2002) states that beef cattle often live standing ankle
Comment [SL1]: Hi Logan! This is a great title.
Comment [SL2]: It will help strengthen your opening
sentence to include some sort of facts or statistics about
beef consumption in America.
Comment [SL3]: Throughout your essay, you talk about
more than just limiting the consumption of beef. How could
you strengthen your Thesis Statement to connect all of
those points?
Sophia Pathways for College Credit English Composition II
SAMPLE TOUCHSTONE AND SCORING
deep in their own waste eating a diet that makes them sick (para. 40). Pollan describes
Americans discomfort with this aspect of meat production and notes that they are removed from
and uncomfortable with the physical and psychological aspects of killing animals for food. He
simplifies the actions chosen by many Americans: we either look awayor stop eating
animals (para. 32). This decision to look away has enabled companies to treat and slaughter
their animals in ways that cause true suffering for the animals. If Americans want to continue to
eat beef, alternative, ethical methods of cattle production must be considered.
The emphasis on a grain-based diet, and therefore a reliance on mono-cropping, also
contributes to the inefficient use of available land. The vast majority of grain production (75-
90% depending on whether corn or soy) goes to feeding animals rather than humans, and cattle
alone account for a significant share. As a result, a majority of land available for agriculture also
goes to producing livestock, whether actually housing the animals or growing grain to feed them
(Lapp, 2010, p. 22). This inefficiency means that a disproportionate amount of agricultural,
food, and monetary resources are poured into a type of cattle production which has been
demonstrated to be inhumane and to have negative environmental consequences.
In addition to the inhumane treatment of animals, CAFOs also raise ethical questions in
terms of the environmental impacts of industrial agriculture. Because cattle raised on factory
farms are primarily grain-fed, meaning that their diet largely consists of corn and/or soy rather
than grass or other forage, huge amounts of grain are required to provide the necessary feed. This
grain comes primarily from monocropping, an agricultural practice that involves planting the
same crop year after year in the same field. Although rotating crops to different fields each
season helps to retain the natural balance of nutrients in the soil, mono-cropping is considered to
be more efficient on an industrial scale, providing larger yields of grain even though it also
Comment [SL4]: Great use of sources! The transitions here
could be a bit smoother and the connection between these
ideas could be a bit more explicit.
Comment [SL5]: This is a great topic sentence.
Comment [SL6]: In terms of cohesion, you may want to
look into how your paragraphs flow from one to the other.
The content of your essay is great, but how could you
structure it differently to make it even better?
Sophia Pathways for College Credit English Composition II
SAMPLE TOUCHSTONE AND SCORING
requires the use of more chemical fertilizers to provide adequate nutrients for the plants. These
chemicals can leach into the groundwater, polluting both the surrounding land and the water
supply.
Other environmental issues include the amount of manure produced by factory farmed
cattle. Traditionally, cattle graze a large area and distribute their waste accordingly. In contained
situations such as CAFOs, however, animal waste builds up in a relatively small area and the
runoff from rainstorms can potentially contaminate the groundwater (Sager, 2008, para. 7).
Furthermore, because closely contained animals are more prone to disease, factory-farmed cattle
are routinely treated with antibiotics, which can also leach into the local ground and water,
potentially affecting humans. According to Brian Palmer (2010), Based on some estimates, we
spend more than $4 billion annually trying to clean up CAFO manure runoff. In addition, the
long-term, low-dose antibiotics CAFOs give livestock can lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
further undermining our dwindling supply of useful medicines (para. 12). The negative impacts
of antibiotic runoff, manure contamination, fossil fuel use, and mono-cropping indicate that
sourcing beef from CAFOs is neither an ethically responsible nor an environmentally sustainable
decision.
An alternative to the grain-fed cattle raised in CAFOs is cattle which are allowed to range
and forage for grass and other greenery as their primary form of nourishment. This grass-fed
beef is, almost by definition, more humane than grain-fed beef because the animals are allowed
to move freely and eat a more natural diet. There is also some evidence that grass-fed beef is
healthier than grain-fed beef for the humans who consume it: it is higher in cancer fighting,
vitamin-A producing beta-carotene; it is much lower in fat, including having half the saturated
Comment [SL7]: This is a great paragraph, but it could be
stronger with the use of sources supporting and reinforcing
these ideas.
Comment [SL8]: This is a good use of a signal phrase, but it
would also be helpful to indicate what position Brian Palmer
holds so that the audience can understand why his input is
relevant. Is he a scientist? A farmer? A reporter?
Sophia Pathways for College Credit English Composition II
SAMPLE TOUCHSTONE AND SCORING
fat as grain-fed beef; and it contains many more omega-3 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid
(CLA), which prevents cancer growth, and vitamin E, which prevents cancer as well as heart
disease (Ruechel, 2006, p. 235). Due to the benefits of a grass-based diet, as well as the benefits
of being raised in pastures rather than feedlots, grass-fed cattle themselves tend to be healthier.
Taken altogether, grass-fed cattle production is better physically for both the cows and humans.
It is important to note that grass-fed does not inherently mean organic, which is a
separate, legal category with its own requirements. It is possible to find grain-fed beef from
cattle raised or slaughtered in inhumane conditions that is labeled organic because the cattle
were fed organic grain, whereas grass-fed beef may come from cattle that have been raised on
land that does not meet the requirements for organic labeling (Sager, 2008, paras.10-15).
However, in a guide to raising grass-fed cattle, Julius Ruechel (2006), notes that Raising [cattle]
in a pasture reduces or even eliminates the use of toxic pharmaceutical pesticides to control
parasites and all but eliminates residues of high doses of antibiotics used on cattle in feedlot
conditions (p. 236). Even though it may not always be organic, choosing grass-fed beef reduces
or eliminates many of the environmental and ethical concerns raised by factory farming.
Grass-fed beef also comes with some benefits to the environment. As noted earlier, most
grain-fed beef relies on environmentally damaging mono-cropping. This problem is not an issue
with grass-fed beef, which relies primarily on forage and does not require the same crop to be
planted year after year. Further, if the grass-fed beef that one eats comes from local farms and
ranches, it lessens the environmental impact, whereas the long-distance shipping required by
factory farming practices consumes fossil fuels, which contribute to global warming. Lapp
(2010) explains the massive effects that industrial food production has on the environment,
noting that throughout the life cycle of production, processing, distribution, consumption, and
Comment [SL9]: I wasnt sure how the information in this
paragraph was relevant, but you do a good job of
demonstrating it here. You could make these links a bit
clearer in the earlier parts of this paragraph.
Sophia Pathways for College Credit English Composition II
SAMPLE TOUCHSTONE AND SCORING
waste, our food chain may be responsible for as much as a third of the factors causing global
climate change (p. 11). However, as Pollan (2002) argues by the end of his essay, farms which
focus on traditional agricultural practices are both more humane and more environmentally
friendly than CAFOs. Ultimately, food decisions should be made with an eye to sustainability
and humane treatment, ethical stances that are both supported by local farms focused on
sustainable diversity.
Despite grass-fed beef scoring better on an environmental impact level than grain-fed
beef, it is still not perfect, a fact that highlights the problems of eating beef at all if one is
concerned with environmental ethics. Most notably, to assuage Americans rapacious appetites
for beef, landowners in South America often clear cut rainforest in order to create grazing land.
The realities of the global market are a great temptation to many: Where land is cheap and the
demand for grass-fed cattle is on the rise, the local economy may respond by cutting down a
forest to create pasture or by planting grass where millet or rice has been grown (Sager, 2008,
para. 21). This practice has negative environmental impacts on the local landscape and the planet
as a whole, since losing vast swathes of rainforest increases the amount of carbon dioxide in our
atmosphere, contributing to ozone depletion. In their article for Science magazine, scholars
Molly Brown and Christopher Funk (2008) examine how climate change will affect food
security and find that people in the developing world are at particular risk for a lack of food due
to climate change. Mono-cropping and mono-grazing practices, designed to snag American
dollars in the short term and not to sustain the local population in the long term, will only
exacerbate these effects (p. 58081). Furthermore, the rise in the market for grass-fed beef has
meant that much grass-fed beef is shipped to the U.S. from South America and Australia. Even if
these animals are raised in a humane and sustainable manner, the long distances they travel to
Comment [SL10]: This is a very good introduction to the
counter-arguments.
Sophia Pathways for College Credit English Composition II
SAMPLE TOUCHSTONE AND SCORING
reach American bellies has significant, negative environmental impact, again due to the use of
fossil fuels (Sager, 2008, para. 21). This reinforces the importance of buying beef which has
been locally produced, reducing the impact of long-distance shipping and potential mono-grazing
in other countries.
No matter how ethically sourced, one can still identify some serious ethical problems
with the raising and slaughter of beef, and those ethical quandaries are passed on to consumers.
While grass-fed beef is clearly an ethical improvement over grain-fed beef in terms of humane
treatment and potentially in terms of environmental impact, No matter how you slice it, eating
beef will never be the greenest thing you do in a day. Scientists at Japans National Institute of
Livestock and Grassland Science estimate that producing 1 kilogram of beef emits more
greenhouse gas than driving 155 miles (Palmer, 2010, para. 2). A kilogram of beef is about the
equivalent of two generously sized rib-eye steaks. Multiply this by the amount of beef consumed
by Americans in a year and the impact of these greenhouse gasses cannot be ignored. However,
as compelling as this argument is, it is not reasonable to expect that Americans will stop eating
beef altogether. In the short term, Americans need to eat humanely raised, locally sourced, grass-
fed beef, which will ultimately lessen the ethical and environmental consequences.
If consumers are truly concerned about the ethical treatment of animals and the
environmental impact of agricultural production, then the logical action is to stop eating meat
altogether. If Americans are not willing to do this, then the next best action is to focus on
humanely raised, locally sourced, grass-fed beef, while acknowledging that this may affect our
beef consumption at many levels. Pollan (2002) concludes his essay by acknowledging that more
humane treatment of animals would likely cause higher prices and lower consumption. However,
he states, maybe when we did eat animals, wed eat them with the consciousness, ceremony and
Comment [SL11]: Excellent. I like that you have two
paragraphs addressing the counter-arguments, one focused
on environment and one focused on ethics. This parallels
your discussion nicely.
Comment [SL12]: How could you change the wording to
make it less dismissive of the counter-arguments?
Sophia Pathways for College Credit English Composition II
SAMPLE TOUCHSTONE AND SCORING
respect they deserve (para. 82). This emphasis on the respect for and well-being of the animals
cultivated for food benefits both the animals and the consumer, acknowledging the desire to be
true omnivores while satisfying our need for ethical clarity.
Comment [SL13]: Very good concluding statement!
Sophia Pathways for College Credit English Composition II
SAMPLE TOUCHSTONE AND SCORING
References
Brown, M., & Funk, C. (2008). Food security under climate change. Science, 319
(5863), 580-581. doi: 10.1126/science.1154102
Cook, C. (2004). Diet for a dead planet: How the food industry is killing us. New York,
NY: New Press.
Davis, C., & Lin, B.H. (2005). Factors affecting U.S. beef consumption. Retrieved from
https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=37389.
Grandin, T. & Smith. G. (2004). Animal welfare and humane slaughter. Grandin.com.
Retrieved from http://www.grandin.com/references/humane.slaughter.html
Lapp, A. (2010). Diet for a hot planet: The climate crisis at the end of your fork. New
York, NY: Bloomsbury.
Palmer, B. (2010, December 21). Pass on grass: Is grass-fed beef better for the
environment? Slate. Retrieved from
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_green_lantern/2010/12/pa
ss_ on_grass.htm
Pollan, M. (2002, November 10). An animals place. The New York Times. Retrieved
from http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/10/magazine/an-animal-s-place.html
Ruechel, J. (2006). Grass-fed Cattle: How to produce and market natural beef. North
Adams, MA. Storey Publishing.
Sager, G. (2008). Wheres your beef from?: Grass-fed Beef: Is it green, humane and
healthful? Natural Life Magazine. Retrieved from
http://www.naturallifemagazine.com/0812/grass-fed_beef_green_humane_healthful.htm
Sophia Pathways for College Credit English Composition II
SAMPLE TOUCHSTONE AND SCORING
Reflection Questions:
1. Provide one example of a place where you have used rhetorical appeals or source
material to support your argu
