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Form a research paper from the outline I attached to this question. (8 pages & APA format) Juvenile Punishment
Introduction:
Explain the context of juvenile punishment and its relevance to the present-day society
Introduce the case of Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002)
Provide a brief overview of the court proceedings in the case
Thesis Statement:
The court’s ruling in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002) affirms the sentencing a mentally retarded defendant to death is unconstitutional per se under the Eighth Amendment.
Body Paragraph 1:
Discuss the circumstances leading up to the case
Explain why the court deemed that individuals with intellectual disability (then called mental retardation) are constitutionally barred from receiving the death penalty.
Outline the justices reasoning behind the ruling
Body Paragraph 2:
Describe the impact of the ruling on other similar cases
Explain how the ruling reaffirms the sentenced to death when juveniles are intellectually disabled
Demonstrate how the ruling has led to more lenient punishments for juvenile offenders
Body Paragraph 3:
Discuss the implications of the ruling for schools and other organizations
Analyze the importance of due process when punishing juveniles
Explain how the ruling has helped to ensure that juveniles are treated fairly and justly
Conclusion:
Reiterate the main points of the ruling
Summarize the impact of the ruling on juvenile punishment
Highlight the importance of due process in juvenile punishment
Annotated Bibliography
Applegate, B. K., Bolin, R. M., & Ouellette, H. M. (2022). Extending the long arm of the law: punishment and rehabilitation as motives of public support for handling violent juvenile offenders as adults. Journal of Experimental Criminology.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-022-09518-w
Applegate et al. (2022) examine public support for handling violent juvenile offenders as adults and the role of punishment and rehabilitation in this support. The authors conducted an online survey of US adults to test the role of punishment and rehabilitation in public support of juvenile offenders being treated as adults. Results showed that while punishment motivation was associated with public support for harsher punishments, rehabilitation motivation was associated with public support for rehabilitative measures. The results suggest that both punishment and rehabilitation should be considered when considering public support for dealing with juvenile offenders. The authors conclude that public support for harsher punishments of juvenile offenders may be driven by a desire for justice, not necessarily a lack of support for rehabilitative measures.
Arora, A. (2019, December 4).
Juvenile Crime and Anticipated Punishment. Papers.ssrn.com.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3095312
Arora (2019) examines the effect of anticipated punishment on juvenile crime. The author reviews the literature on the subject and suggests that the level of punishment expected by juveniles impacts the likelihood of committing a crime. The article also notes that punishment should be tailored to the individual situation, considering the juvenile’s age, mental health, and other factors. The article provides evidence that punishment effectiveness is greater when tailored to the individual and that anticipated punishment can deter juvenile crime.
Bakar, N. I. A., Dawi, A. H., Hashim, A. T. M., Zalli, M. M. M., & Suppian, Z. (2023). Transforming juvenile behavior through reward and punishment approaches.
Humanities and Social Sciences Letters,
11(1), 3746.
https://ideas.repec.org/a/pkp/hassle/v11y2023i1p37-46id3244.html
Bakar et al. (2023) examine the impact of reward and punishment approaches on transforming juvenile behavior. Through the analysis of case studies, the article proposes that an effective combination of reward and punishment is necessary to produce positive behavior changes. The article also suggests that appropriate reward and punishment strategies should be tailored based on the individual’s characteristics, such as age and personality. Bakar et al. (2023) also emphasize the importance of providing support and guidance to juveniles to understand their actions’ consequences.
Jouet, M. (2021). Juveniles Are Not So Different.
Federal Sentencing Reporter,
33(4), 278284.
https://doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2021.33.4.278
Jouet (2021) provides an in-depth look at juvenile punishment and its implications. The author examines the history of juvenile punishment, the current trends in juvenile justice policy, and the implications of these policies. The article argues that juveniles are more than their age and should be treated as individuals. Jouet (2021) concludes that the current juvenile punishment system is too harsh and should focus more on rehabilitation. The article is well-researched and provides a comprehensive overview of juvenile punishment.
Zane, S. N., Cochran, J. C., & Mears, D. P. (2021). Deservingness and Punishment in Juvenile Justice: Do Black Youth Grow Up Faster in the Eyes of the Court?.
Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 154120402110451.
https://doi.org/10.1177/15412040211045110
Zane et al. (2021) examines how race and age affect juvenile punishment outcomes. The authors examine how deservingness and punishment can be impacted by the race of juvenile offenders in the eyes of the court. The authors use a data set from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice to compare various aspects of sentencing for Black and White juvenile offenders. Zane et al. (2021) finds a significant disparity in outcomes for Black youth compared to White youth, even when controlling for other factors such as age and offense type. The results suggest that Black youth may be viewed as “older” and more deserving of punishment than White youth in the eyes of the court. The authors also suggest that this disparity may result from implicit biases and suggest the need for further research into juvenile sentencing and its potential racial bias.
