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A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic
1. Gazzaniga, Ivry, and Mangun (2018) describe the development of neuroscience as beginning in 1650 after the founders received publicity from stopping a once-unsuccessfully hanged woman from being hanged for a second time. The publicity gained from the event allowed the founders to publish their research on brain changes impacting behavior. While this was the emergence, cognitive psychology and neuroscience were not given a name until the 1970s when a few individuals needed terminology to describe the study of the brain impacting the mind. With the shift from behaviorism to cognitive psychology and neuroscience, there was an important understanding that individuals are influenced by more than just their environment. Rather, ones brain also drastically impacts a persons behavior. Prior to the study of cognitive psychology and neuroscience, one might not have understood why a person would make certain decisions if they had not already had an experience in their environment with the decision. However, neuroscience can help explain why those decision is made. For example, a person might take many risks. While this might confound others, neuroscience can help explain the risks taken through determining variations in dopamine-related genes (Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 2018). Through the study of cognitive psychology and neuroscience, many advancements have been made in the field of psychology.
2. The emergence of cognitive psychology and neuroscience began back in 1650 resulting from the event of Anne Greene being executed for the presumed murder of her still born child. She had been hung, pronounced dead and miraculously lived to walk free. Thomas Willis, the founder of clinical neuroscience, was one of the physicians expected to dissect the body. Willis and his colleague Christopher Wren went on to create realistic images of the brain showing the different parts of the brain regions (Gazzaniga, Ivry, Mangun, 2018). The study lead to what we know as cognitive neuroscience today. George miller was the first to give cognitive neuroscience the name. , relating the cognition or knowing and how it had affected the thoughts, ideas, beliefs of the physical mind which would then explain the behaviors of people (Gazzaniga et al, 2018). Scientist can now link the brains structure in response to the world around them. The utilized the fact that the brain operated on trial and error of living cells.
3. Cognitive psychology and neuroscience emerged from various questions about the brain and the mind, the parts and the whole, and the interaction of the tangible brain and intangible thoughts and emotions of the mind. Early contributions of monism contributed that the mind is a product of the brains activity and not sourced separate from it (Gazzaniga et al., 2019). Questions about how the brain works and the properties of individual pieces compared to the whole fueled development of neuroscience. Interactivity between the biology of a physically damaged brain and affected behavior caused individuals such as Thomas Willis to propose a meaningful relationship between the biology and psychology (Gazzaniga et al., 2019). Further research of how brain functions interact with body movement in epilepsy patients caused physicians to hypothesize about cortex excitability and localized brain regions effect on the seizures. Development of the psychological component came from debate on how things are known and learned, either by rationalism or empiricism. Empiricism led to development of behaviorism; the belief that individuals are born blank slates and gain knowledge through experience. A shift from behaviorism came with a change in perspective from psychologists such as George Miller who began to think in terms of cognition as a result of proof from computer advances and later study of memory and language capability (Gazzaniga et al., 2018). The development of neuroscience has changed countless perspectives. An example is change in perception of schizophrenia which was previously believed to be as a result of poor experiences and behaviorally learned.
4. Describe two or three guiding principles in major ethics codes. How do these principles guide ethical decision making in research, especially when working with animal subjects and human participants?
5. The first method of research for studying neural function is the Lesion Method. This well-known method is used to analyze and identify damaged structures of the brain. A patient may experience behavioral changes that are not cohesive to what they mean or feel. For instance, when an individual feels hot, but puts on winter attire this identifies as correlation to specific areas of the brain. Which indicates that their behavior is not lining up with their words. Both electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging) are used to monitor brain activity during neuroscience research. Another method is psychophysiological methods which monitors the mental and physical state of an individual. This includes biological, social, and developmental psychophysiological (Rough, Chapman, Barolomeo, Gonzalez, & Strauss, 2019). Psychophysiological variables can be manipulated during a study which is why specific studies are observed closely during neuroscience research. Cognitive functions are investigated to determine the process of the research.
6. EEG is short for electroencephalography and used to study neural function. Researchers can measure large groups of neurons through electrodes that indicate the electrical signals from the cortex and subcortex. Electroencephalography does not require any procedure like entering under the skin or the brain. It is used to identify state of the brain noninvasively and that is the biggest advantage of EEG. For example, waveform can be observed and recorded from the scalp during consciousness. The delta brain wave occurs when the participant is sleeping, or slow oscillations. The alpha brain wave can be observed, or fast oscillations when awake (Gazzaniga et al., 2018). ERP is short for event-related potential and used to obtain neural activity that is related to the motor, sensory, or cognitive event while generating stimulus. ERP is useful when detecting a disorder such as demyelinating diseases in the optic nerve. It identifies if the electrical signal does not move fast enough and causing delay of the visual evoked potential. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is used to measure the magnetic fields that can be generated by the brains electrical activity. Sensors are orderly placed in a helmet with superconducting quantum interference devices and records the changes of the brains electrical activity. However, using MEG is pricey when the magnetic fields are not strong enough to record the electrical activity of the brain then a room needs to be covered magnetically.
