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Please see the questions in the attached file and answer accordingly. Text book is also attached
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Part 1-From the Information Systems for Business and Beyond textbook:
Chapter 3 study questions 1-8, Exercise 2
Chapter 4 – study questions 1-13, Exercise 5
Part 2: From the Information Technology and Organizational Learning textbook
Chapter 3 Complete the two essay assignments noted below:
Review the strategic integration section. Note what strategic integration is and how it ties to the implementation of technology within an organization. Review the information technology roles and responsibilities section. Note how IT is divided based on operations and why this is important to understand within an organization.
This part should be two pages in length and still be placed in the same word document as Part 1 (one page for each question) and adhere to APA formatting standards.
**Remember the APA cover page and the references (if required) do not count towards the page length** Biola University Biola University
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Information Systems for Business and Beyond Information Systems for Business and Beyond
David T. Bourgeois
Biola University
James L. Smith
Shouhong Wang
Joseph Mortati
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Information Systems for
Business and Beyond (2019)
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 1
Information Systems for
Business and Beyond (2019)
Information systems, their use in business, and the
larger impact they are having on our world.
DAVID BOURGEOIS
JOSEPH MORTATI, SHOUHONG WANG,
AND JAMES SMITH
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 2
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) by David Bourgeois is licensed
under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License,
except where otherwise noted.
This book was initially developed in 2014 by Dr. David Bourgeois as part
of the Open Textbook Challenge funded by the Saylor Foundation. This
2019 edition is an update to that textbook.
This book was produced with Pressbooks (https://pressbooks.com) and
rendered with Prince.
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 3
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Open Textbook Challenge: Making Textbooks Available (For Free!)
http:https://pressbooks.com
Information Systems for
Business and Beyond
Updated edition: August 1, 2019
DAVID T. BOURGEOIS, PH.D.
JAMES L. SMITH, PH.D.
SHOUHONG WANG, PH.D.
JOSEPH MORTATI, MBA
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 4
Copyright
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) by David Bourgeois is licensed
under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License,
except where otherwise noted.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Book Contributors
Information Systems for Business and Beyond was originally
developed in 2014 by David T. Bourgeois Ph.D.
Updates for the 2019 edition were graciously contributed by:
James L. Smith Ph.D. (all chapters)
Shouhong Wong, Ph.D. (chapters 4 and 8)
Joseph Mortati, MBA (chapter 10)
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 6
Changes from Previous Edition
Information Systems for Business and Beyond was written by Dr.
David Bourgeois and originally published in 2014 as part of the
Open Textbook Challenge at the Saylor Foundation. Since then, it
has been accessed thousands of time and used in many courses
worldwide. This 2019 update to the textbook brings it up to date
and adds many new topics. True to its open textbook roots, many of
the updates have come from the community of instructors and
practitioners who are passionate about information systems. See
the page Book Contributors to see the primary contributors to this
edition. A majority of the changes listed below were made by Dr.
James Smith, who did a revision to this text in 2018.
Here is a summary of the changes made:
Overall
New and updated images, especially those related to
statistics, in order to bring them up to date.
References brought up to date.
Added labs for every chapter.
Added an index.
Editing for consistency.
Chapter 1: What is an information system?
Added video: Blums fibre optic TED Talk
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 7
Chapter 2: Hardware
Removed text which discussed increasing dependency on
tablets and decreasing use of desktops
Clarification of bit vs. byte, binary vs. digital. Added tables to
Understanding Binary sidebar
Added Huangs Law on graphics processor units
Modified text regarding Moores Law to state that his law is
no longer able to be maintained
Chapter 3: Software
Added information about Ubuntu Linux
Added information about Tableau
Supply Chain Management: added an emphasis on use of
Information Systems up and down supply chain by Walmart
to gain competitive advantage
Chapter 4: Data and Databases
Database schemas redesigned
Data types added
SQL examples include output
NoSQL described
Data Dictionary re-ordered to column name
New section on Why database technology?
Differentiation of data, information, and knowledge
Section on Data models
Changed illustrative example of database tables and
relationships.
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 8
Updated section on Business Intelligence to focus on the rise
of analytics and data science. Includes a new What is Data
Science? sidebar.
Chapter 5: Networking and Communication
History of ARPANET initial four nodes, etc.
Metcalfes Law
Chapter 6: Information Systems Security
Added information on blockchain and Bitcoin.
Chapter 8: Business Processes
Introduce tools (DFD, BPMN, UML) of business process
modeling
Introduce examples of DFD.
Chapter 10: Information Systems Development
Java sample code
Mismanaging Change side bar
Added section on mobile development.
Added sidebar on risks of end-user computing
Added Eclipse IDE
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 9
Chapter 11: Globalization and the Digital Divide
World 3.0 written by economist Pankaj Ghemawat; also, his
TED talk video
Chapter 12: The Ethical and Legal Implications of
Information Systems
Facebook and Cambridge Analytics data privacy
General Data Protection Regulation section
Chapter 13: Trends in Information Systems
Waze mapping app
Drone video
Drone blood delivery in Kenya video
Added sidebar on Mary Meeker and her Internet Trends
report
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 10
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Introduction
Welcome to Information Systems for Business and Beyond. In this
book, you will be introduced to the concept of information systems,
their use in business, and how information systems can be used to
gain competitive advantage.
Audience
This book is written as an introductory text, meant for those with
little or no experience with computers or information systems.
While sometimes the descriptions can get a bit technical, every
effort has been made to convey the information essential to
understanding a topic while not getting overly focused in detailed
terminology.
Chapter Outline
The text is organized around thirteen chapters divided into three
major parts, as follows:
Part 1: What Is an Information System?
Chapter 1: What Is an Information System? This
chapter provides an overview of information systems,
including the history of how information systems got to
where it is today.
Chapter 2: Hardware This is a discussion of information
systems hardware and how it works. You will look at
different computer parts and learn how they interact.
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 12
Chapter 3: Software Without software, hardware is
useless. This chapter covers software and the role it plays
in an organization.
Chapter 4: Data and Databases This chapter explores
how organizations use information systems to turn data
into information that can then be used for competitive
advantage. Special attention is paid to the role of
databases.
Chapter 5: Networking and Communication Todays
computers are expected to also be communication
devices. This chapter reviews the history of networking,
how the Internet works, and the use of networks in
organizations today.
Chapter 6: Information Systems Security This chapter
discusses the information security triad of confidentiality,
integrity, and availability. Different security technologies
are reviewed, and the chapter concludes with a primer on
personal information security.
Part 2: Information Systems for Strategic Advantage
Chapter 7: Does IT Matter? This chapter examines the
impact that information systems have on an organization.
Can IT give a company a competitive advantage? This
chapter discusses the seminal works by Brynjolfsson,
Carr, and Porter as they relate to IT and competitive
advantage.
Chapter 8: Business Processes Business processes are
the essence of what a business does, and information
systems play an important role in making them work.
This chapter will discuss business process management,
business process reengineering, and ERP systems.
Chapter 9: The People in Information Systems This
chapter will provide an overview of the different types of
people involved in information systems. This includes
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 13
people who create information systems, those who
operate and administer information systems, those who
manage information systems, and those who use
information systems.
Chapter 10: Information Systems Development How are
information systems created? This chapter will review the
concept of programming, look at different methods of
software development, review website and mobile
application development, discuss end-user computing,
and look at the build vs. buy decision that many
companies face.
Part 3: Information Systems beyond the Organization
Chapter 11: Globalization and the Digital Divide The
rapid rise of the Internet has made it easier than ever to do
business worldwide. This chapter will look at the impact
that the Internet is having on the globalization of business
and the issues that firms must face because of it. It will
also cover the concept of the digital divide and some of
the steps being taken to alleviate it.
Chapter 12: The Ethical and Legal Implications of
Information Systems The rapid changes in information
and communication technology in the past few decades
have brought a broad array of new capabilities and
powers to governments, organizations, and individuals
alike. This chapter will discuss the effects that these new
capabilities have had and the legal and regulatory changes
that have been put in place in response.
Chapter 13: Future Trends in Information Systems This
final chapter will present an overview of some of the new
technologies that are on the horizon. From wearable
technology to 3-D printing, this chapter will provide a
look forward to what the next few years will bring.
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 14
For the Student
Each chapter in this text begins with a list of the relevant learning
objectives and ends with a chapter summary. Following the
summary is a list of study questions that highlight key topics in
the chapter. In order to get the best learning experience, you
would be wise to begin by reading both the learning objectives
and the summary and then reviewing the questions at the end of
the chapter.
For the Instructor
Instructors: if you have adopted this book for your course, would
you be so kind as to let us know in the instructor survey?
Learning objectives can be found at the beginning of each
chapter. Of course, all chapters are recommended for use in an
introductory information systems course. However, for courses
on a shorter calendar or courses using additional textbooks, a
review of the learning objectives will help determine which
chapters can be omitted.
At the end of each chapter, there is a set of study questions and
exercises (except for chapter 1, which only offers study
questions). The study questions can be assigned to help focus
students reading on the learning objectives. The exercises are
meant to be a more in-depth, experiential way for students to
learn chapter topics. It is recommended that you review any
exercise before assigning it, adding any detail needed (such as
length, due date) to complete the assignment. Some chapters also
include lab assignments.
As an open textbook, support for supplemental materials relies
on the generosity of those who have created them and wish to
share them. Supplemental materials, including slides and
quizzes, are located on the home page for this book. If you wish
to contribute materials that you have created, please fill out the
instructor survey and communicate that fact.
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 15
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PART I: WHAT IS AN
INFORMATION SYSTEM?
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 16
Chapter 1: What Is an
Information System?
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you
will be able to:
Define what an information system is by
identifying its major components;
Describe the basic history of information
systems; and
Describe the basic argument behind the article
Does IT Matter? by Nicholas Carr.
Introduction
Welcome to the world of information systems, a world that seems
to change almost daily. Over the past few decades information
systems have progressed to being virtually everywhere, even to the
point where you may not realize its existence in many of your daily
activities. Stop and consider how you interface with various
components in information systems every day through different
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 1
electronic devices. Smartphones, laptop, and personal computers
connect us constantly to a variety of systems including
messaging, banking, online retailing, and academic resources,
just to name a few examples. Information systems are at the
center of virtually every organization, providing users with
almost unlimited resources.
Have you ever considered why businesses invest in technology?
Some purchase computer hardware and software because everyone
else has computers. Some even invest in the same hardware and
software as their business friends even though different technology
might be more appropriate for them. Finally, some businesses do
sufficient research before deciding what best fits their needs. As you
read through this book be sure to evaluate the contents of each
chapter based on how you might someday apply what you have
learned to strengthen the position of the business you work for, or
maybe even your own business. Wise decisions can result in
stability and growth for your future enterprise.
Information systems surround you almost every day. Wi-fi
networks on your university campus, database search services in
the learning resource center, and printers in computer labs are
good examples. Every time you go shopping you are interacting
with an information system that manages inventory and sales.
Even driving to school or work results in an interaction with the
transportation information system, impacting traffic lights,
cameras, etc. Vending machines connect and communicate using
the Internet of Things (IoT). Your cars computer system does
more than just control the engine acceleration, shifting, and
braking data is always recorded. And, of course, everyones
smartphone is constantly connecting to available networks via
Wi-fi, recording your location and other data.
Can you think of some words to describe an information system?
Words such as computers, networks, or databases might pop
into your mind. The study of information systems encompasses a
broad array of devices, software, and data systems. Defining an
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 2
–
information system provides you with a solid start to this course
and the content you are about to encounter.
Defining Information Systems
Many programs in business require students to take a course in
information systems. Various authors have attempted to define the
term in different ways. Read the following definitions, then see if
you can detect some variances.
An information system (IS) can be defined technically as a
set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and
distribute information to support decision making and control
in an organization. 1
Information systems are combinations of hardware,
software, and telecommunications networks that people
build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data,
typically in organizational settings. 2
Information systems are interrelated components working
together to collect, process, store, and disseminate
information to support decision making, coordination,
control, analysis, and visualization in an organization. 3
As you can see these definitions focus on two different ways of
describing information systems: the components that make up an
information system and the role those components play in an
organization. Each of these need to be examined.
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 3
The Components of Information
Systems
Information systems can be viewed as having five major
components: hardware, software, data, people, and processes. The
first three are technology. These are probably what you thought of
when defining information systems. The last two components,
people and processes, separate the idea of information systems from
more technical fields, such as computer science. In order to fully
understand information systems, you will need to understand how
all of these components work together to bring value to an
organization.
Technology
Technology can be thought of as the application of scientific
knowledge for practical purposes. From the invention of the
wheel to the harnessing of electricity for artificial lighting,
technology has become ubiquitous in daily life, to the degree that
it is assumed to always be available for use regardless of
location. As discussed before, the first three components of
information systems hardware, software, and data all fall
under the category of technology. Each of these will be addressed
in an individual chapter. At this point a simple introduction
should help you in your understanding.
Hardware
Hardware is the tangible, physical portion of an information system
the part you can touch. Computers, keyboards, disk drives, and
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 4
Flash drives are all examples of systems hardware. How these
hardware components function and work together will be
covered in Chapter 2.
Software
Software comprises the set of instructions that tell the hardware
what to do. Software is not tangible it cannot be touched.
Programmers create software by typing a series of instructions
telling the hardware what to do. Two main categories of software
are: Operating Systems and Application software. Operating
Systems software provides the interface between the hardware
and the Application software. Examples of operating systems for
a personal computer include Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu
Linux. The mobile phone operating system market is dominated
by Google Android and Apple iOS. Application software allows
the user to perform tasks such as creating documents, recording
data in a spreadsheet, or messaging a friend. Software will be
explored more thoroughly in Chapter 3.
Data
The third technology component is data. You can think of data
as a collection of facts. For example, your address (street, city
state, postal code), your phone number, and your social
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 5
networking account are all pieces of data. Like software, data is also
intangible, unable to be seen in its native state. Pieces of unrelated
data are not very useful. But aggregated, indexed, and organized
together into a database, data can become a powerful tool for
businesses. Organizations collect all kinds of data and use it to make
decisions which can then be analyzed as to their effectiveness. The
analysis of data is then used to improve the organizations
performance. Chapter 4 will focus on data and databases, and how
it is used in organizations.
Networking Communication
Besides the technology components (hardware, software, and
data) which have long been considered the core technology of
information systems, it has been suggested that one other
component should be added: communication. An information
system can exist without the ability to communicate the first
personal computers were stand-alone machines that did not
access the Internet. However, in todays hyper-connected world,
it is an extremely rare computer that does not connect to another
device or to an e-network. Technically, the networking
communication component is made up of hardware and
software, but it is such a core feature of todays information
systems that it has become its own category. Networking will be
covered in Chapter 5.
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 6
People Jeff Bezos, Amazon CEO
When thinking about information
systems, it is easy to focus on the technology
components and forget to look beyond these
tools to fully understand their integration into
an organization. A focus on the people
involved in information systems is the next
step. From the front-line user support staff, to
systems analysts, to developers, all the way
up to the chief information officer (CIO), the
people involved with information systems are an essential element.
The people component will be covered in Chapter 9.
Process
The last component of information systems is process. A
process is a series of steps undertaken to achieve a desired outcome
or goal. Information systems are becoming more integrated with
organizational processes, bringing greater productivity and better
control to those processes. But simply automating activities using
technology is not enough businesses looking to utilize information
systems must do more. The ultimate goal is to improve processes
both internally and externally, enhancing interfaces with suppliers
and customers. Technology buzzwords such as business process
re-engineering, business process management, and enterprise
resource planning all have to do with the continued improvement
of these business procedures and the integration of technology with
them. Businesses hoping to gain a competitive advantage over their
competitors are highly focused on this
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 7
component of information systems. The process element in
information systems will be discussed in Chapter 8.
The Role of Information Systems
You should now understand that information systems have a
number of vital components, some tangible, others intangible, and
still others of a personnel nature. These components collect, store,
organize, and distribute data throughout the organization. You may
have even realized that one of the roles of information systems is to
take data and turn it into information, and then transform that
information into organizational knowledge. As technology has
developed, this role has evolved into the backbone of the
organization, making information systems integral to virtually
every business. The integration of information systems into
organizations has progressed over the decades.
The Mainframe Era
From the late 1950s through the 1960s, computers were seen as
a way to more efficiently do
calculations. These first
business computers were room-
sized monsters, with several
machines linked together. The
primary work was to organize
and store large volumes of
information that were tedious
to manage by hand. Only large businesses, universities, and
government agencies could afford them, and they took a crew of
specialized personnel and dedicated facilities to provide
information to organizations.
Time-sharing allowed dozens or even hundreds of users to
IBM 704 Mainframe (Copyright:
Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory)
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 8
– – — – — – – – — – — —- – – —- – — – –
simultaneously access mainframe computers from locations in the
same building or miles away. Typical functions included scientific
calculations and accounting, all under the broader umbrella of data
processing.
Registered trademark of International Business Machines
In the late 1960s, Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP)
systems were introduced. This software, running on a mainframe
computer, gave companies the ability to manage the
manufacturing process, making it more efficient. From tracking
inventory to creating bills of materials to scheduling production,
the MRP systems gave more businesses a reason to integrate
computing into their processes. IBM became the dominant
mainframe company. Continued improvement in software and
the availability of cheaper hardware eventually brought
mainframe computers (and their little sibling, the minicomputer)
into most large businesses.
Today you probably think of Silicon Valley in northern California
as the center of computing and technology. But in the days of the
mainframes dominance corporations in the cities of Minneapolis
and St. Paul produced most computers. The advent of the personal
computer resulted in the center of technology eventually moving
to Silicon Valley.
The PC Revolution
In 1975, the first microcomputer was announced on the cover of
Popular Mechanics: the Altair 8800. Its immediate popularity
Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) pg. 9
sparked the imagination of entrepreneurs everywhere, and there
were soon dozens of companies manufacturing these personal
computers. Though at first just a niche product for computer
hobbyists, improvements in usability and the availability of
practical software led to growing sales. The most prominent of these
early personal computer makers was a little company known as
Apple Computer, headed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, with
the hugely successful Apple II. Not wanting to be left out of the
revolution, in 1981 IBM teamed with Microsoft, then just a startup
company, for their operating system software and hurriedly released
their own version of the personal computer simply called the PC.
Small businesses finally had affordable computing that could
provide them with needed information systems. Popularity of the
IBM PC gave legitimacy to the microcomputer and it was named
Time magazines Man of the Year for 1982.
IBM PC
Because of the IBM PCs open architecture, it was easy for other
companies to copy, or clone it. During the 1980s, many new
computer companies sprang up, offering less expensive versions of
the PC. This drove prices down and spurred innovation. Microsoft
developed the Windows operating system, with version 3.1 in 1992
becoming the first commercially successful release. Typical uses
for the PC during this period included word processing,
spreadsheets, and databases. These early PCs were standalone
ma
