safety activity
please go over all the documents and complete the blanks.
notes: not all the document has questions, just posted it to help you to understand the concept
Fall Hazards Student Copy
Personal Fall Arrest System Checklist
Source:
Construction Safety & Health Fall Hazards, Central New York COSH, 2007, OSHA grant product
Personal Fall Arrest Systems are one way to protect workers on construction sites where there
are vertical drops of 6 or more feet. Systems must be set up so that a worker cannot fall more
than 6 feet, nor come into contact with any lower level.
You should be able to answer Yes to each of the following.
1. Is your Personal Fall Arrest System made up of an anchorage, connecting device, and a full-
body harness?
2. Are the components from the same manufacturer to ensure that the system works as it should?
If not, has any substitution or change to a personal fall arrest system been fully evaluated or
tested by a competent person to determine that it meets the standard?
3. Has your personal fall arrest system been inspected for damage each time before you wear it?
[If there are defects, or if someone has taken a fall using the equipment, it must be removed from
service.]
4. Is the attachment location of the body harness in the center of your back, near the shoulder
level or above your head?
5. Do vertical lifelines or lanyards have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 lbs? Are they
protected against being cut or abraded?
6. Will each worker be attached to a separate vertical lifeline?
7. Is the webbing, [the materials used for ropes and straps of lifelines, lanyard and harnesses]
made of synthetic fibers?
8. Is the anchorage for workers personal fall arrest equipment independent of any anchorage
used to support or suspend platforms? Is it able to support at least 5,000 lbs. per worker attached
to it?
9. Are the connectors made from steel or equivalent materials, with a corrosion-resistant finish
and smooth edges?
10. Do the D-rings and snaphooks have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 lbs.?
11. Are snaphooks of a locking-type and designed to prevent the snaphook from opening and
slipping off the connector?
12. Are the snaphooks not directly connected to the webbing, rope or wire, to each other, to a D-
ring to which another snaphook or other connector is attached, to a horizontal lifeline, or to any
other object that could cause the snaphook to open? Fall Hazards Student Copy
LADDER SAFETY: Whats Wrong with this Picture?
Unsafe Work:
Whats wrong with this
picture?
Read the following scenario; ask participants to take on the roles of Mike, Joe and the
foreman. After reading the story, participants should identify all the wrong things that
the workers did when working with ladders; discuss the RIGHT way to work safely
on a ladder.
Roles: Mike and Joe, the workers and Mr. Smith, the foreman
INTRODUCTION:
Joe and Mike are excited; they just got the call to work on the new residential
construction project in the area. They dont have much experience, but the pay is
good, and they want to use this job as a stepping stone to bigger and better jobs.
Its their first day on the job.
SCENE ONE: The foremans office
Mr. Smith: So you know how to work on ladders, right guys?
Joe: Well, I havent had a lot of experience, so maybe you could just go over the
basics
Mr. Smith: Well, I have to take this delivery, and I thought you told me you had lots
of experience where was your last job, anyway? Weve got a deadline on this
project, so.
Mike: Dont worry, Mr. Smith, Ill explain it all to
him. I used ladders a lot on my last job.
Mr. Smith: Okay. First you need to paint the
trim around the top of the building, and then, go
inside and finish with the painting in the lobby.
There are a couple of extension ladders out
here, and a couple of step ladders inside. One of
you should work out here, and the other start
inside. Are you sure you know what to do? I
asked them to find me some experienced guys,
not rookies
Mike: Were fine, Mr. Smith. Well call you if
we have any questions.
Fall Hazards Student Copy
LADDER SAFETY: Whats Wrong with this Picture?
Unsafe Work:
Whats wrong with this
picture?
SCENE TWO: Mike and Joe are outside setting up.
Mike: So Joe, you work out here, and Ill do the inside work, okay?
Joe: Sure, but can you help me to set up here? Is this extension ladder okay, and how
do I set it up?
Mike: Well, first you should inspect it. Of course the ladder needs to be long enough
to reach the top, and it has to be able to hold you. So check the information on the
ladder. It says its a Type I Im not sure what that means, but I think it has
something to do with your weight. How heavy are you?
Joe: About 260 pounds Ive been eating like a horse lately. I have to get back to the
gym.
Mike: Well, that should be good enough. And how long is
the ladder, and how high to the roof?
Joe: It says its a 24-foot ladder, and the building is about
20 feet tall.
Mike: Okay, that should work. Just be careful if
youre climbing onto the roof.
Joe: Am I supposed to check the ladder before
using it?
Mike: Yeah, but this one looks fine to me.
Joe: Well, the step pads are ripped, and there is
no pad on one of the feet wont that make it
uneven?
Mike: Just wrap some of this tape around it to
even it off. I dont want to be asking
for too much on our first day, you know?
Joe: This bolt seems a bit loose, and the pulley rope is a bit frayed. I wonder how
that happenedand the steps feel like they have some kind of slippery stuff on
them
Mike: So just wipe them off. Listen, we need to get started here
Joe: Okay, okay, lets just set up then. Where should I start?
Fall Hazards Student Copy
LADDER SAFETY: Whats Wrong with this Picture?
Unsafe Work:
Whats wrong with this picture
both inside and outside?
Mike: Start over by the doorway; its early in the day, so not many people should be
walking in and out. If you see anyone, just yell. And its windy already, and its
supposed to get worse later on, so be careful.
Joe: Okay. The ground is pretty uneven here with all these rocks. And do I need to
worry about those electrical wires? They seem like they are pretty close to the ladder.
Mike: Man, you ask a lot of questions, dude! Lets get this set up. Okay, you need to
set this up at the right angle to make sure you dont fall. I remember that the ratio is 1
foot of length from the wall for everyevery 5 feet of height, I think. So the building
is 20 feet high, so put the ladder 4 feet from the wall.
Joe: That seems a little steep, doesnt it?
Mike: No, thats right. And remember that if we do well on this job, we get another
one with this company, so we need to move fast. I will be inside, so dont keep calling
me to help you. Carry the paint up with you try to bring up a couple of cans the first
time up to save time.
Joe: Should I try to tie the ladder to something so it doesnt move?
Mike: Dont worry about it moving at the top; just use this rope to tie the ladder to
this bicycle stand.
Joe: And who left all these cans and plants around?
Someone is going to trip on this stuff!
Mike: Yeah, yeah, dont worry about it;
someone may be looking to use the stuff,
so leave it there for now. Im going
inside to start on the lobby; Ill take one
of these step ladders. See you later.
Joe: Yeah, see you.
Fall Hazards Student Copy
LADDER SAFETY: Whats Wrong with this Picture?
SCENE THREE: Mike is inside, using the step ladder.
Mr. Smith: Hey Mike, hows it going?
Mike: Great, Mr. Smith, this is a great job.
Mr. Smith: Be careful, you should not be sitting on the ladder, and before I saw you
standing on the top step.
Mike: Oh, dont worry, Mr. Smith, I can handle myself on a ladder Ive been
working with my father for years doing this kind of work.
Mr. Smith: Okay, but try not to lean so far; just get down and walk the ladder closer,
okay?
Mike: No problem, Mr. Smith, Im a good worker, and I work fast. Suddenly, they
hear Joe yelling from outside, and then they hear a thud. They run outside to see
what happened.
Fall Hazards Student Copy
LADDER SAFETY: Whats Wrong with this Picture?
Consider the Ladder Safety scenario to complete this worksheet.
1. Are there any problems with Joes and Mikes ladder work?
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2. What could have been the reason for Joes fall?
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3. Do you think Mike is working safely? Why or why not?
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SOURCE: Construction Safety & Health Fall Hazards, Central New York COSH, 2007, OSHA
grant product Construction Focus Four: Fall Hazards
Student Handouts
Guardrail and Safety Net Systems Summary
Personal Fall Arrest Systems Summary
Preventing Ladder Falls
Scaffold Work Can Be Dangerous
dmichalski
Typewritten Text
Blank Page
Guardrail and Safety Net Systems Summary
Guardrail and safety net systems are two ways to protect workers from falls on the
job. If you are more than 6 feet above the lower surface, some type of fall
protection must be used by your employer.
If your employer uses guardrails:
Toprails must be at least inch thick to
prevent cuts and lacerations; and they must be
between 39 and 45 inches from the working
surface;
If wire rope is used, it must be flagged at least
every six feet with highly visible materials;
Midrails, screens or mesh must be installed
when there are no walls at least 21 inches high.
Screens and mesh must extend from the toprail to the working level.
There can be no openings more than 19 inches;
The toprail must withstand at least 200 lbs. of force; the midrail must
withstand 150 lbs. of force;
The system must be smooth enough to protect workers from cuts and
getting their clothes snagged by the rail.
If guardrails are used around holes at points of access, like a ladderway, a
gate must be used to prevent someone from falling through the hole, or be
offset so that a person cannot walk directly into the hole.
If your employer uses safety nets:
The nets must be as close as practicable under the
working surface, but never more than 30 feet below;
The safety net must be inspected every week for
damage;
Each net must have a border rope with a minimum
strength of 5,000 lbs.;
The safety net must extend outward a sufficient
distance, depending on how far the net is from the
working surface (OSHA has a formula to follow);
The safety net must absorb the force of a 400-pound bag of sand dropping
on to the net (the drop test);
Items in the net that could be dangerous must be removed as soon as
possible.
SOURCE: Construction Safety & Health Fall Hazards, Central New York COSH, 2007, OSHA grant
product
Personal Fall Arrest Systems Summary
Personal fall arrest systems are one way to protect workers from falls. In general, workers must
have fall protection when they could fall 6 feet or more while they are working.
OSHA requires workers to wear a full-body harness, (one part of a Personal Fall Arrest System)
when they are working on a suspended scaffold more than 10 feet above the working surface, or
when they are working in bucket truck or aerial lift. Employers may also choose to use a
Personal Fall Arrest System, instead of a guardrail, when workers are working on a supported
scaffold more than 10 feet above the working surface.
There are three major components of a Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS):
the anchor and the
anchorage connector
the connecting device,
which is a lanyard or a
retractable lifeline, with
snaphooks
the full-body harness
The following are some things to remember about personal fall arrest systems:
1. A personal fall arrest system is made up of an anchorage, connecting device, and a full-
body harness. The connecting device may be a lanyard with snaphooks, or a self-retracting
lifeline. A lanyard could also include a deceleration device. Make sure you are using components
from the same manufacturer to ensure that the system works as it should. If not, any substitution
or change must be evaluated or tested by a competent person to ensure that it meets the
standard.
2. Body belts cannot be used for fall arresting service. However, a body belt is allowed as part
of a positioning system. A positioning system is one way to prevent falls from occurring. It
involves equipment for keeping your body in a position where you are not able to fall. For all
situations where you could actually fall, you need to wear a full-body harness.
3. Your personal fall arrest system must be inspected for damage each time before you wear it.
[If there are defects, or if someone has taken a fall using the equipment, it must be removed from
service.]
4. The attachment location of the body harness must be in the center of your back, near the
shoulder level or above your head.
5. Vertical lifelines or lanyards must have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 lbs., and be
protected against being cut or abraded.
6. Each worker must be attached to a separate vertical lifeline. [There is a special exception
when constructing elevator shafts.]
7. The webbing, which is the materials used for ropes and straps of lifelines, lanyard and
harnesses, must be made of synthetic fibers.
8. An anchorage for workers personal fall arrest equipment must be independent of any
anchorage used to support or suspend platforms, and it must be able to support at least 5,000
lbs. per worker attached to it.
9. Connectors must be made from steel or equivalent materials, with a corrosion-resistant
finish and the edges must be smooth.
10. D-rings and snaphooks must have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 lbs.
11. Snaphooks must be a locking-type (they are generally double-locking) and designed to
prevent the snaphook from opening and slipping off the connector.
12. Snaphooks cannot be directly connected to the webbing, rope or wire, to each other, to a
D-ring to which another snaphook or other connector is attached, to a horizontal lifeline, or to any
other object that could cause the snaphook to open.
Source: Construction Safety & Health Fall Hazards, Central New York COSH, 2007, OSHA grant product
Preventing Ladder Falls – Construction Safety
Why construction falls?
Here area few basic facts about falls in construction:
— Every day, four construction workers die on the job.
— Falls are the most common cause of fatal injuries to
construction workers.
— The consequences of a fall affect not only the
worker, but also his or her family and community.
— Construction falls can be prevented. Contractors and foreman can do many things to organize
the worksite to be safer for their employees. But workers themselves can also make some
inexpensive, simple changes to the way they work that can save their lives.
— Ladders are one of the most common pieces of equipment on a construction site. But that
doesn’t mean they are safe. There are construction workers who are injured or killed falling from
a height every day. Using ladders more safely is one way to start preventing falls at your work
site.
Set an example at work
Your co-workers can learn a lot from you. At first, you might be the only one who is concerned
with safety at your worksite. But over time, other workers will see that the foreman will give you
the time you need to be safe. They will see how many little things add up to big effects on safety.
And they will see how they, too, can help to make your worksite safer.
So, set an example. Don’t worry about being the firstthey’ll thank you for it later.
How can I prevent a fall from a ladder?
There are many ways you can prevent a fall from a ladderhere are just three suggestions to
get you started.
– Choose the right ladder for the job.
– Tie the top and bottom of the ladder to fixed points when necessary.
– Don’t carry tools or other materials in-hand while climbing the ladder.
1. Choose the right ladder for the job.
First you need to make sure that a ladder is the best equipment for what you need
to do. Would scaffolding or a mechanical lift be better?
Many times, the ladder is the only physical support you have while you are
working. If it fails, you can fall. That’s why it is so important to find the right ladder
when you do need to use one. The three main types of laddersstep ladders,
straight ladders, and extension laddersare used in different situations for
different tasks.
Before you start using a ladder, ask yourself two questions.
Is the ladder long enough? It should be long enough for you to set it at a stable
angle and still extend at the top to give you something to hold on to when you get
on the ladder to descend. Setting the ladder at the right angle helps you keep your
balance on the ladder. It also helps keep the ladder from falling backwards.
Make sure the ladder extends 3 feet (3 rungs; 0.9 meters) above the
surface you will be working on.
Make sure the ladder is placed at a stable angle. For every four feet (1.2
m) high the ladder is, the base should be 1 foot (.3 m) out from the wall
For example, if you will be working on a 10 foot-high roof (3 m), you need
a ladder that is at least 14 feet (4.25 m) long. The base should be 2 feet
(.75 m) from the wall.
Is the ladder in good working condition? It shouldnt be missing pieces or be
cracked or otherwise damaged. Check the duty rating on extension ladders is it
high enough for the weight you will be putting on it? Longer ladders dont always
have higher duty ratings, so be sure to check. In construction, the most common
ratings are:
Heavy Duty (I) supports up to 250 pounds (113 kg).
Extra heavy duty (IA) supports up to 300 pounds (136 kg).
Special duty (IAA) supports up to 375 pounds (170 kg).
2. Tie the top and bottom of the ladder to fixed points when necessary: if it doesnt
extend 3 above the landing, on slippery surfaces, and where it could be displaced by
work activities or traffic.
Tie both sides of the top of the ladder to a fixed point on the roof or other high
surface near where you are working. The bottom should be tied to a fixed point on
the ground. Securing the ladder in this way prevents the ladder from sliding side-
to-side or falling backwards and prevents the base from sliding.
Tying the ladder off at the beginning of the day and untying it at the end will only
take you about 5 minutes. It can make all the difference for your safety. If you
need to move the ladder around, allow extra time for this important step, or
consider using something else, such as a scaffold.
3. Don’t carry tools or other materials in-hand while climbing the ladder.
Take precautions when you are going up or down a ladder. Instead of carrying
tools, boards, or other materials in your hands, use a tool belt, install a rope and
pulley system, or tie a rope around your materials and pull them up once you have
reached the work surface. Ask for help if you need to use more than one hand to
pull them up.
Carrying tools or anything else in your hands as you climb the ladder can throw
you off balance. When you climb a ladder, always use at least one hand to grasp
the ladder when going up or down.
Source: CDC/NIOSH in partnership with CPWR-The Center for Construction Research and Training, Hollywood, Health and Society,
and the Spanish-language network Telemundo.
Scaffold Work Can Be Dangerous: Know the Basics
of Scaffold Safety
There are thousands of scaffold-related injuries
and about 40 scaffold-related deaths every year in
the U.S. If you are doing work on scaffolds, know
how to work on them safely it could save your life!
Here are some rules about scaffolds that must be
followed if you want to work safely:
1. A competent person must be available to direct
workers who are constructing or moving scaffolds. The competent person must also
train workers, and inspect the scaffold and its components before every work
shift, and after any event that could affect the structural integrity of the
scaffold. The competent person must be able to identify unsafe conditions, and be
authorized by the employer to take action to correct unsafe conditions, to make the
workplace safe. And a qualified person, someone who has very specific knowledge
or training, must actually design the scaffold and its rigging.
2. Every supported scaffold and its components must support, without failure,
its own weight and at least four times the intended load. The intended load is
the sum of the weights of all personnel, tools and materials that will be placed on
the scaffold. Dont load the scaffold with more weight than it can safely handle.
3. On supported scaffolds, working platforms/decks must be planked close to the
guardrails. Planks are to be overlapped on a support at least 6 inches, but not more
than 12 inches.
4. Inspections of supported scaffolds must include:
Checking metal components for bends, cracks, holes, rust, welding splatter,
pits, broken welds and non-compatible parts.
Covering and securing floor openings and labeling floor opening covers.
5. Each rope on a suspended scaffold must support the scaffolds weight and at
least six times the intended load.
6. Scaffold platforms must be at least 18 inches wide, (there are some
exceptions), and guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems must be used for
fall protection any time you are working 10 feet or more above ground level.
Guardrails must be between 39 and 45 inches high, and midrails must be installed
approximately halfway between the toprail and the platform surface.
7. OSHA standards require that workers have fall protection when working on a
scaffold 10 or more feet above the ground. OSHA requires the following:
The use of a guardrail OR a personal fall arrest system when working
on a supported scaffold.
BOTH a guardrail AND a personal fall arrest system when working on a
single-point or two-point suspended scaffold.
A personal fall arrest system when working on an aerial lift.
8. Your lifeline must be tied back to a structural anchorage capable of
withstanding 5,000 lbs of dead weight per person tied off to it. Attaching your
lifeline to a guardrail, a standpipe or other piping systems will not meet the 5,000
lbs requirement and is not a safe move.
9. Wear hard hats, and make sure there are toeboards, screens and debris nets in
place to protect other people from falling objects.
10. Counterweights for suspended scaffolds must be able to resist at least four
times the tipping moment, and they must be made of materials that cannot be
easily dislocated (no sand, no water, no rolls of roofing, etc.). [This would be
calculated by the qualified person who designs the scaffold.]
11. Your employer must provide safe access to the scaffold when a platform is more
than two (2) feet above or below the point of access, or when you need to step
across more than 14 inches to get on the platform. Climbing on cross braces is
not allowed! Ladders, stair towers, ramps and walkways are some of the ways of
providing safe access.
12. All workers must be trained on:
o how to use the scaffold, and how to recognize hazards associated with the
type of scaffold they are working on;
o the maximum intended load and capacity;
o how to recognize and report defects;
o fall hazards, falling object hazards and any other hazards that may be
encountered, including electrical hazards (such as overhead power lines);
and,
o having proper fall protection systems in place.
SOURCE: Construction Safety & Health Fall Hazards, Central New York COSH, 2007, OSHA grant
product *
*
Photos in this presentation are from the OSHA Region 4 National Photo Archive and OSHA Region 5.
Is This a Fall Hazard?
*
*
TRAINER NOTE: Your options are to use:
this presentation as developed to prompt hazard recognition classroom discussions; or
the presentation as developed along with the alternative activity approach to encourage student note taking regarding hazard recognition (see Falls_HazRec_AltActivity folder provided); or
your own photos to cover the hazard recognition component.
PHOTO: Workers are climbing on the shoring structure during set up and removal.
*
*
YES
Workers could fall while climbing on the shoring structure to set it up and remove it.
Ladders and lifts must be provided.
*
*
Ladders/lifts are needed for safe access to the shoring structure.
*
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Any Fall Hazard Here?
*
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Worker working above ground level.
*
*
YES
Workers are exposed to a fall hazard greater than 6 feet, while working near stairwell opening.
Workers must be protected from falls over 6 feet.
*
*
Workers are exposed to a fall hazard greater than 6 feet, while working near a stairwell opening.
*
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Is This a Fall Hazard?
*
*
*
*
YES
Unprotected open-sided floors 6 feet or more above ground level.
Guardrail systems, safety net systems or personal fall arrest systems are required.
*
*
Fall protection must be provided for workers on open-sided floors 6 feet or more above a lower level. Often material handling is the reason guardrails are not in place.
*
*
Any Fall Hazard Here?
*
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Workers are installing a new metal roof.
*
*
YES
Workers are installing a new metal roof without fall protection.
NOTE: Remember that ladders must extend 3 feet above the landing area.
*
*
*
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Is This a Fall Hazard?
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*
This is 12 feet above the lower level.
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*
YES
The photo shows a mid-rail and toeboard are missing on an open-sided floor of a building.
This could expose workers to a 12 foot fall.
Toeboards are required to protect workers below from falling objects.
*
*
There is a missing mid-rail and toeboard on an open-sided floor of a building, exposing workers to a 12 foot fall. When workers are exposed to falling objects from above, hard hats must be worn
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Can You Identify the Fall Hazard?
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Workers on fabricated frame scaffolds stacking blocks.
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YES
Lack of fall protection for workers on fabricated frame scaffolds.
The workers are exposed to a 35-foot fall hazard from a scaffold while stacking blocks prior to overhand bricklaying operations.
Planks appear to be overloaded and there is no safe access for workers.
*
*
Workers on fabricated frame scaffolds stacking blocks are exposed to a 35-foot fall hazard from a scaffold.
Lack of fall protection for workers on fabricated frame scaffolds. The workers are exposed to a 35-foot fall hazard from a scaffold while stacking blocks prior to overhand bricklaying operations. The planks appear to be overloaded and there is no safe access for the workers.
*
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Can You Identify the Fall Hazard?
*
*
*
*
YES
Ladder to work platform is not of sufficient length.
It must extend 3 feet above the working surface.
*
*
Ladder to work platform is not of sufficient length.
The ladder must extend 3 feet above the working surface.
*
*
Is This a Fall Hazard?
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*
Worker is working off of the top of a step ladder.
*
*
YES
Worker is working off of the top of a step ladder.
The top of a stepladder shall not be used as a step.
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*
OSHA standards do not permit the top or top step of a stepladder to be used as a step. See 1926.1053(b)(13).
*
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Can You Identify the Fall Hazards?
*
*
*
*
YES
A worker is working from a carpenters’ scaffold that has no guardrail, extends too far beyond either end, and is not wide enough.
The worker also does not have proper access to the scaffold.
The worker inside of the window is not provided with fall protection as there is no standard guardrail for the window.
The worker working below is exposed to the struck-by hazards of tools and equipment falling from the employees working above.
NOTE: A competent person must supervise as scaffolds are erected, moved and taken apart.
*
*
There is no guardrail or other fall protection for the worker on the carpenters’ scaffold. This scaffold extends too far beyond either end, and is not wide enough. It must be at least 18 inches. The scaffold must meet 1926.451(a)(1), four times the intended load. If installed, the top rails must have 200 lbs. capacity and the midrails must have 150 lbs. capacity. In addition, the worker did not have proper access to the scaffold. The worker inside of the window was not provided with fall protection because a standard guardrail was not provided for the window. The worker working below was exposed to the struck-by hazards of tools and equipment from the employees working above. When workers are exposed to falling objects, the employer shall have each employee wear a hard hat and implement protective measures, such as toeboards, screens, or barricades for the area underneath. In addition, scaffolds must be erected, moved, dismantled and altered only under the supervision of a competent person. See 1926.451(f)(7).
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Any Fall Hazard Here?
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Workers working on balcony of structure.
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YES
Workers working on balcony of structure exposed to fall hazard due to unprotected side/edge.
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Workers are exposed to a fall hazard due to the unprotected sides/edges of the balcony.
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Is This a Fall Hazard?
*
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Worker working on an 8:12 pitch roof with the lifeline tied to his waist as fall protection.
*
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YES
Worker working on an 8:12 pitch r
