Charter School
Directions:Read the document on:Key Facts About Charter Schoolby clicking on the link as identified below.Once you complete your reading, complete the discussion questions as identified below. Remember, it is up to you to provide scholarly responses that clearly identify, explain, describe, and discuss.For example:If a question directs you to identify and explain, you must perform both tasks completely. When responding to the questions or statements, you must respond in complete sentences. Assume that your reader has no knowledge of what you are trying to explain. As a result, you must explain. These are not one statement or one sentence responses.
Please restate each of the questions prior to responding.
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Please review the rubrics for evaluation of the discussion questions.
Discussion Questions:
1. What are charter schools?
2. How are charter schools different from public and private schools?
3. What grade level do charter schools serve?
4. Identify and explain the demographic features of charter school students, race and ethnicity, income and household, gender, and the percentage of ELL and Special Education students.
5. How did charter schools originate?
Please view the rubric for the evaluation of this assignment.
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research4
What is a charter school?
How many charter schools are there in the United States?
How many students attend charters?
What are the demographics of charter school students?
Where are charter schools located?
Which grade levels do charter schools serve?
Key Facts About
Charter Schools
Updated 2018
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research 5
What is a charter school?
Charter schools are publicly funded schools that are created and operated by organizations other
than local school districts. Here are some other defining characteristics of charter schools:
Who can attend them?
Charters provide a free education and, like other public schools, cannot discriminate by race,
gender, religion or disability.
Charter schools are meant to have open admission policies; any eligible public school
student can attend a charter school. In this way, charter schools are not like private schools,
which can accept or reject students based on their test scores, student and family interviews,
religious affiliation, ability to pay tuition or general fit with the schools mission. In practice,
many charter schools have a lottery system for admission owing to their popularity, meaning
that not all children can find their way into a charter school.
Who opens and operates them?
In 201617, about two-thirds of charter schools were stand-alone schools created and
operated by groups or organizations such as groups of teachers, community groups, univer-
sities, foundations, businesses or faith-based groups.1
In 201617, about one-third of charter schools were created and operated by management
organizations that operate multiple schools. These organizations can be nonprofit or
for-profit.2
How are they governed?
Charter schools are so named because they operate under the conditions of a legally binding
contract called a charter. A schools charter is issued to an operator by a governing body or
authorizer.
Charter school authorizers vary from state to state and even within states.
A schools charter typically exempts the school from select state and district rules and
regulations. For example, a charter may mandate a longer school year for students. It may
exempt a school from having to hire certified teachers. These rules vary depending on the
schools contract as well as the charter legislation of the charter schools state.
In exchange for this flexibility, charter schools are held accountable to standards laid out in
their charters.
A schools charter is reviewed regularly, typically every three to five years, by the charter
school authorizer. If the school fails to meet the standards outlined in its charter, the charter
is not renewed and the school is closed. For more information on closures, see the
Governance and Regulation section.
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
http://www.in-perspective.org/pages/governance-and-regulation
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research6
Are charter schools public schools?
Charter schools are classified as public schools by the U.S. Department of Education. They
receive public money, offer a free education and are held to the same nondiscrimination
standards as traditional public schools.
However, charter schools have been extremely controversial in some communities. Critics
have often argued that charter schools do not sufficiently account for the public money they
receive, produce insufficient student performance data and are a threat to traditional public
schools.
Where did charter schools come from?
Charter schools were originally conceptualized by Ray Budde, a former teacher and principal,
in 1974.3
The concept caught on in the 1980s, when A Nation at Risk, the landmark 1983 study from
President Ronald Reagans National Commission on Excellence in Education, and other
education reports questioned the quality of American public schools.
Albert Shanker, who was then the president of the American Federation of Teachers, one of
the two major national teachers unions, brought the charter school concept to a broader
audience when he endorsed charter schools during a speech in 1988 at the National Press
Club in Washington, D.C.4
The first law allowing the establishment of charter schools was passed in Minnesota in 1991,
and the first charter school opened in that state in 1992.5
Some advocates view charter schools as one avenue for providing choices to parents seeking
a better education for their children. Note that charter schools are different from other
school choice programs such as vouchers and magnet schools.
Vouchers enable children in the public school system to attend a private school of their
choice, whereas magnet schools are public schools with a special theme or curriculum.
Magnet schools are created by traditional school districts and are designed to attract and
enroll students from outside the normal attendance zone, and sometimes from other school
districts, often with the goal of increasing racial integration.
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research 7
How many charter schools are there in the United States?
As of January 2018, laws allowing the creation of charter schools have been passed in
44 statesplus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and Guam.6
The most recent data released by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), a part of
the U.S. Department of Education, estimate that there were 6,747 charter schools in the United
States in 201415 and 6,855 in 201516.7 The proportion of charter schools to all public schools
was 7 percent in the 201516 school year, an increase from the 200001 school year when the
proportion of charter schools to all public schools was 2 percent.8 When more current data are
released, they can be found on the NCES website. The following chart illustrates the growth in
charter schools over time.
Number of charter schools, 20002016
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics, Digest
of Education Statistics: 2017, chap. 2, table 216.20, Number and Enrollment of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by
School Level, Type, and Charter and Magnet Status: Selected Years, 199091 Through 201516, Washington, D.C.: National
Center for Education Statistics, 2017.
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
1,993
3,780
4,952
5,274
5,696
6,079
6,465
6,747 6,855
20
00
0
1
20
01
0
2
20
02
0
3
20
03
0
4
20
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0
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1
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20
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1
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20
15
1
6
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/
8 Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research
How many students attend charters?
According to the NCES, more than 2.8 million students attended charter schools in 201516,
meaning that charter school students accounted for approximately 6 percent of all public
school students.9 Student enrollment in charter schools grew more than 70 percent from
200910 to 201516.10 The following chart illustrates the growth in charter school enrollment
over time.
Number of charter school students, in thousands, 200016
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of
Education Statistics: 2017, chap. 2, table 216.20, Number and Enrollment of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by
School Level, Type, and Charter and Magnet Status: Selected Years, 199091 Through 201516, Washington, D.C.: National
Center for Education Statistics, 2017.
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
20
00
0
1
20
01
0
2
20
02
0
3
20
03
0
4
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1
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20
15
1
6
448
1,013
1,610
1,787
2,058
2,269
2,522
2,722 2,845
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research 9
What are the demographics of charter school students?
Charter schools nationwide tend to enroll a larger proportion of black students and students
living in poverty than do traditional public schools nationwide.11 Charter schools nationwide
tend to enroll a similar proportion of English-language learners and special education students
as do traditional public schools nationwide.12 However, these demographics vary from school to
school and district to district. The demographic picture becomes even more complex when
comparing charter school students demographics with those of their peers in nearby tradi-
tional public schools.
Student race and ethnicity
Percent of students enrolled in charter and traditional public schools, by race and ethnicity,
201516
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of
Education Statistics: 2017, chap. 2, table 216.30, Number and Percentage Distribution of Public Elementary and Secondary
Students and Schools, by Traditional or Charter School Status and Selected Characteristics: Selected Years, 200001 Through
201516, Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, 2017.
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
Charter SchoolsTraditional Public Schools
Two or
more races
American
Indian /
Alaska Native
Asian /
Pacific
Islander
Hispanic
Black
White
50%
33%
15%
27%
26%
32%
5%
4%
1%
1%
3%
3%
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research10
The NCES also has data on the percentage of children at charters and traditional public schools
during the 201516 school year who are eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, a common way
of identifying low-income students. At 33 percent of charter schools, more than 75 percent of
students are eligible for the free or reduced-pricelunch program. By contrast, at 24 percent of
traditional public schools, more than 75 percent of students are eligible for the free or reduced-
pricelunch program.13
In 2013, the Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO) study from Stanford
University compared charter school and traditional public school populations in 27 states. In
2017, CREDO published an update in which they collected data for 3.7 million students across
26 states. The study includes data from traditional public schools, charter schools and what
they call feeder schoolsthe traditional public schools from which local charter schools draw
their student populations.14
A comparison of charter schools with all traditional public schools in these 26 states indicates
that charter schools do serve a slightly higher proportion of low-income students. However, a
comparison of charter schools with just the traditional public schools that their student
population comes fromthe feeder schoolsshows that the proportion of low-income
students is the same.
The following graphs illustrate these and other demographic characteristics of charter school
students and traditional public school students, including the percentage of students who are
English-language learners or who are in special education programs. For more information on
charter students demographics, see the Diversity section.
Students from low-income households
Percent of low-income students in 26 states, by school type, 201415
Source: Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO), Charter Management Organizations 2017, Stanford, Calif.:
CREDO at Stanford University, 2017.
Charter Schools
Feeder Schools
Traditional
Public Schools 50%
56%
55%
http://www.in-perspective.org/pages/diversity-and-inclusion
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research 11
Student gender
Percent of male and female students at charter and traditional public schools, 201516
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of
Education Statistics: 2017, chap. 2, table 216.30, Number and Percentage Distribution of Public Elementary and Secondary
Students and Schools, by Traditional or Charter School Status and Selected Characteristics: Selected Years, 200001 Through
201516, Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, 2017.
Source: Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO), Charter Management Organizations 2017, Stanford, Calif.:
CREDO at Stanford University, 2017.
Charter
Schools
Traditional
Public
Schools
FemaleMale
52% 49%
50% 50%
Charter Schools
Feeder Schools
Traditional
Public Schools 11%
13%
10% Charter Schools
Feeder Schools
Traditional
Public Schools 12%
12%
10%
English-language learners
Percent of English-language learners
in 26 states, by school type, 201415
Special education students
Percent of special education students
in 26 states, by school type, 201415
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research12
Where are charter schools located?
Minnesota was the first state to pass a law allowing the establishment of charter schools, in
1991. The first charter school opened in 1992. As of January 2018, laws allowing the creation of
charter schools have been passed in 44 statesplus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and
Guam.15 Despite legislative approval in Alabama and Kentucky, according to the National
Alliance for Public Charter Schools (NAPCS), no charter schools were operational in those
states in 201617.16 NAPCS calls itself the leading national nonprofit organization committed
to advancing the quality, growth, and sustainability of charter schools. In 2018, legislation
allowing charter schools had not been passed in Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South
Dakota, Vermont or West Virginia.17
States with charter school legislation
Source: Education Commission of the States (ECS), Charter Schools: How Is the Funding for a Charter School Determined?,
Denver, Colo.: ECS, 2018.
Charter school legislation
No charter school legislation
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research 13
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 201516 over half of charter
schools (57 percent) were located in cities. Twenty-six percent were in suburban locales,
7 percent were in towns and 11 percent were located in rural areas.18 The following chart
compares the distribution of charter schools and traditional public schools in different locales.
Most charter schools are located in cities
Percent of charter and traditional public schools, by locale, 201516
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of
Education Statistics: 2017, chap. 2, table 216.30, Number and Percentage Distribution of Public Elementary and Secondary
Students and Schools, by Traditional or Charter School Status and Selected Characteristics: Selected Years, 200001 Through
201516, Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, 2017.
There are more charter schools in the South and West than in other parts of the country. Over a
third (37 percent) of the countrys charter schools are located in the West.19 The following chart
compares this distribution of charter schools by region with traditional public schools.
Most charter schools are located in the South and West
Percent of charter and traditional public schools in different regions, 201516
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of
Education Statistics: 2017, chap. 2, table 216.30, Number and Percentage Distribution of Public Elementary and Secondary
Students and Schools, by Traditional or Charter School Status and Selected Characteristics: Selected Years, 200001 Through
201516, Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, 2017.
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
Charter
Schools
Traditional
Public
Schools
SuburbanCity RuralTown
25% 32% 14% 29%
57% 26% 7% 11%
Charter
Schools
Traditional
Public
Schools
MidwestNortheast WestSouth
16% 26% 35% 23%
10% 21% 32% 37%
14 Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research
Charter schools are much more heavily concentrated in some states than others, and the
proportion of charter schools to traditional public schools also varies from state to state and
district to district. According to the NAPCS, California has the most charter schools, with 1,224
schools in the 201516 school year, which may account for the high percentage of charters
located in the western region of the country. In 201516, Texas came in second, with 702
schools.20
If treated as comparable to a state, the city of Washington, D.C., has the highest proportion of
charter schools, at 49 percent of all public schools in 201516.21 Despite this, Washington, D.C.,
wouldnt make the top five list among U.S. cities in terms of charter school student population.
New Orleans is the city where charter schools serve the highest percentage of students:
93 percent of New Orleans public school students attended charter schools in 201617. Flint
had the next highest percentage: 55 percent of Flint public school students attended charter
schools in 201617.22
Districts with the highest percentage of students attending charter
schools, 201314
Source: Rebecca David, Kevin Hesla and Susan Aud Pendergass, A Growing Movement: Americas Largest Public Charter
School Communities, Washington, D.C.: National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, 2018.
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
New Orleans 93%
Queen Creek 48%
Inglewood 30%
Roosevelt 33%
Flint 55%
Indianapolis 33%
Gary Community 46%
Kansas City 43%
Cleveland 30%
Philadelphia 32%
Camden City 38%
District of
Columbia 46%
Dayton City 33%
Grand Rapids 30%
Natomas 33%
St. Louis City 32%
Detroit 53%
Newark 31%
Franklin-McKinley 30%
30 33 43 5546 38 30
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research 15
Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for
Education Statistics and Common Core of Data, Public
Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey, 200001
Through 201516. See Digest of Education Statistics: 2017,
chap. 2,table 216.30, Washington, D.C.: National Center for
Education Statistics, 2017.
Note: According to NCES definitions: Elementary schools
begin with grade 6 or below and have no grade higher than
8. Secondary schools have no grade lower than 7.
Combined schools begin with grade 6 or below and end
with grade 9 or above. In 201516, 2,845,322 students were
enrolled in charter schools. Students enrolled in schools not
classified by grade span are not reflected in the chart
above. There were 393 such students in 201516.
Which grade levels do charter schools serve?
According to the most recent data from the U.S. Department of Educations National Center
for Education Statistics, in the 201516 school year over half of all charter schools were elemen-
tary schools (56 percent). This is lower than the percentage of traditional public schools that are
elementary schools (69 percent).23 The following chart compares the distribution of charter
schools and traditional public schools, by grade.
Distributions of charter and traditional public schools differ across grade
levels
Distribution of charter and traditional public schools across grade levels, 201516
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of
Education Statistics: 2017, chap. 2, table 216.30, Number and Percentage Distribution of Public Elementary and Secondary
Students and Schools, by Traditional or Charter School Status and Selected Characteristics: Selected Years, 200001 Through
201516, Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics, 2017.
Note: According to NCES definitions: Elementary schools begin with grade 6 or below and have no grade higher than 8.
Secondary schools have no grade lower than 7. Combined schools begin with grade 6 or below and end with grade 9 or above.
There were 6,855 charter schools in 201516 according to the U.S. Department of Educations
National Center for Education Statistics. Of these, 3,854 were elementary schools, 1,576 were
secondary schools, 1,576 were combined elementary/secondary and 19 were not classified by
grade span. The following chart shows charter school enrollment by grade span.24
Most charter school students attend elementary schools
Number of charter school students, by grade level, 201516
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
Charter
Schools
Traditional
Public
Schools
SecondaryElementary OtherCombined
69% 25% 6% 1%
0%56% 23% 21%
Combined
Secondary
Elementary
482,296
914,110
1,448,523
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cgb.asp#info
Notes
1 Rebecca David, National Charter School Management
Overview, 201617, Washington, D.C.: National Alliance
for Public Charter Schools, 2018. https://www.public
charters.org/our-work/publications/national-charter-school-
management-overview-2016-17.
2 David, National Charter School Management Overview.
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/publications/
national-charter-school-management-overview-2016-17.
3 Ted Kolderie, Ray Budde and the Origins of the Charter
Concept, Education Evolving, Saint Paul, Minn.:
Education Evolving and Center for Policy Design, 2005.
http://www.educationevolving.org/pdf/Ray-Budde-
Origins-Of-Chartering.pdf.
4 Jeffrey R. Henig, Spin Cycle: How Research Is Used in
Policy Debates: The Case of Charter Schools, New York:
Russell Sage Foundation, 2008.
5 Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, Minnesota
Issues Resource Guides Charter Schools, Saint Paul,
Minn.: Minnesota Legislative Reference Library, 2018.
https://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/guides/
guides?issue=charter.
6 Education Commission of the States (ECS), Charter
Schools: How Is the Funding for a Charter School
Determined?, Denver, Colo.: ECS, 2018. http://ecs.force.
com/mbdata/mbquestNB2C?rep=CS1716.
7 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Digest of Education Statistics: 2017, chap. 2, table 216.20,
Number and Enrollment of Public Elementary and
Secondary Schools, by School Level, Type, and Charter
and Magnet Status: Selected Years, 199091 Through
201516, Washington, D.C.: National Center for
Education Statistics, 2017. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/
digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.20.asp?current=yes.
8 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
The Condition of Education: Public Charter School
Enrollment, Washington, D.C.: National Center for
Education Statistics, 2018. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/
coe/indicator_cgb.asp.
9 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Number and Enrollment of Public Elementary and
Secondary Schools. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/
d17/tables/dt17_216.20.asp?current=yes.
10 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Number and Enrollment of Public Elementary and
Secondary Schools. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/
d17/tables/dt17_216.20.asp?current=yes.
11 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Digest of Education Statistics: 2017, chap. 2, table 216.30,
Number and Percentage Distribution of Public
Elementary and Secondary Students and Schools, by
Traditional or Charter School Status and Selected
Characteristics: Selected Years, 200001 Through
201516, Washington, D.C.: National Center for
Education Statistics, 2017. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/
digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp.
12 Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO),
Charter Management Organizations 2017, Stanford,
Calif.: CREDO at Stanford University, 2017. http://credo.
stanford.edu/pdfs/CMO%20FINAL.pdf.
13 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Number and Percentage Distribution of Public
Elementary and Secondary Students and Schools. https://
nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp.
14 CREDO, Charter Management Organizations 2017.
http://credo.stanford.edu/pdfs/CMO%20FINAL.pdf.
15 ECS, Funding for a Charter School. http://ecs.force.com/
mbdata/mbquestNB2C?rep=CS1716.
16 National Alliance for Public Charter Schools (NAPCS),
Kentucky, Washington, D.C.: NAPCS, 2018. https://www.
publiccharters.org/our-work/charter-law-database/states/
kentucky.
National Alliance for Public Charter Schools (NAPCS),
Alabama, Washington, D.C.:NAPCS, 2018. https://www.
publiccharters.org/our-work/charter-law-database/states/
alabama.
17 ECS, Funding for a Charter School. http://ecs.force.com/
mbdata/mbquestNB2C?rep=CS1716.
18 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Number and Percentage Distribution of Public
Elementary and Secondary Students and Schools. https://
nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp.
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research16
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/publications/national-charter-school-management-overview-2016-17
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/publications/national-charter-school-management-overview-2016-17
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/publications/national-charter-school-management-overview-2016-17
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/publications/national-charter-school-management-overview-2016-17
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/publications/national-charter-school-management-overview-2016-17
http://www.educationevolving.org/pdf/Ray-Budde-Origins-Of-Chartering.pdf
http://www.educationevolving.org/pdf/Ray-Budde-Origins-Of-Chartering.pdf
https://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/guides/guides?issue=charter
https://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/guides/guides?issue=charter
http://ecs.force.com/mbdata/mbquestNB2C?rep=CS1716
http://ecs.force.com/mbdata/mbquestNB2C?rep=CS1716
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.20.asp?current=yes
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.20.asp?current=yes
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cgb.asp
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cgb.asp
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.20.asp?current=yes
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.20.asp?current=yes
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.20.asp?current=yes
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.20.asp?current=yes
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp
http://credo.stanford.edu/pdfs/CMO%20FINAL.pdf
http://credo.stanford.edu/pdfs/CMO%20FINAL.pdf
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp
http://credo.stanford.edu/pdfs/CMO%20FINAL.pdf
http://ecs.force.com/mbdata/mbquestNB2C?rep=CS1716
http://ecs.force.com/mbdata/mbquestNB2C?rep=CS1716
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/charter-law-database/states/kentucky
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/charter-law-database/states/kentucky
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/charter-law-database/states/kentucky
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/charter-law-database/states/alabama
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/charter-law-database/states/alabama
https://www.publiccharters.org/our-work/charter-law-database/states/alabama
http://ecs.force.com/mbdata/mbquestNB2C?rep=CS1716
http://ecs.force.com/mbdata/mbquestNB2C?rep=CS1716
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp
19 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Number and Percentage Distribution of Public
Elementary and Secondary Students and Schools. https://
nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp.
20 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Digest of Education Statistics: 2017, chap. 2, table 216.90,
Public Elementary and Secondary Charter Schools and
Enrollment, by State: Selected Years, 200001 Through
201516, Washington, D.C.: National Center for
Education Statistics, 2017. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/
digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.90.asp.
21 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Public Elementary and Secondary Charter Schools and
Enrollment. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/
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22 Rebecca David, Kevin Hesla and Susan Aud Pendergass,
A Growing Movement: Americas Largest Public Charter
School Communities, Washington, D.C.: National Alliance
for Public Charter Schools, 2018. https://www.
publiccharters.org/sites/default/files/documents/2017-10/
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23 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Number and Percentage Distribution of Public
Elementary and Secondary Students and Schools. https://
nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_216.30.asp.
24 U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education
Sciences and National Center for Education Statistics,
Number and Enrollment of Public Elementary and
Secondary Schools. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/
d17/tables/dt17_216.20.asp?current=yes
Charter Schools In Perspective A Guide to Research 17
KEY FACTS ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS
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4.pdf
