5-4 project part one
Submit your Project Part One: Planning Document Second Draft. For additional details, please refer to the Project Part One Second Draft Guidelines and Rubricdocument
SCI 200 Project Part One: Second Draft Guidelines and Rubric
Overview: In previous modules, you identified an issue, developed a research question, and examined sources that could help you explore the issue. You also
considered the scientific principles related to your topic, and how you might communicate your findings to a specific audience. Building on these elements, you
will formulate a hypothesis related to your issue. Then, applying what you learned about the process of science, you will explain the next steps that natural
scientists would take to support or refute your hypothesis. What kind of evidence would they look for? What kind of tests they need to conduct? Throughout
this course, you explored a variety of specific cases in which natural scientists addressed issues, tested hypotheses, and developed solutions to problems. Many
of their solutions have become key discoveries that we rely on today for health, safety, and other practical uses. So, as you consider your hypothesis and the
next steps a scientist would take, reflect back on these examples. This reflection is the final piece of your planning document, and you will use it to develop your
presentation in Module 8.
Prompt: You will build on the elements you composed in your first draft and develop your hypothesis. After you have your hypothesis, explain what steps a
natural scientist would take to either refute or support your hypothesis. By the end of Module Six, you will fine tune the entire planning document to be
submitted to your instructor.
Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
I. Introduction: At this point, you should have received feedback from your instructor. For this second draft, review and make any necessary revisions or
adjustments to the following elements:
a. Describe the issue in the natural sciences that you have selected to investigate. Why is this issue significant? (You identified this issue in Module
One, but how would you revise this piece now that you have received instructor feedback and investigated your sources?)
b. Describe at least three science resources that you could use to investigate the issue you selected. Your sources must be relevant to your issue
and must be of an academic nature appropriate for the issue. In your description, consider questions such as: What are the similarities and
differences in the content of your sources? What makes them appropriate and relevant for investigating your issue? What was your thought
process when you were searching for sources? How did you make choices?
c. Based on your review of science resources, develop a specific question related to the issue you selected. In other words, what would you like to
know more about?
II. Body: You should also receive instructor feedback about this section and continue to consider your evidence. For this second draft, review these sections
and make any necessary revisions or adjustments to the following elements:
a. Identify an audience that would be interested in your issue and the question you developed. For example, who would benefit most from hearing
your message, or who could best help in addressing the issue?
b. Describe how and why you can tailor your message to your audience, providing specific examples. For example, will your audience understand
scientific terminology and principles, or will you need to explain them? How will you communicate effectively with your audience?
c. Identify the natural science principle(s) that apply to your question and issue. For example, if your issue is global climate change, the principle
you might identify is that the sun is the primary source of energy for Earths climate system.
d. Explain how the principle(s) you identified apply to your issue and question. In other words, how are the natural science principle(s) you
identified relevant to your question and issue?
III. Conclusion: In this section, you will conclude your research investigation by discussing future directions for research related to your question.
Specifically, you should:
a. Formulate a hypothesis that addresses the question you developed. Make sure your hypothesis is based on your investigation of your question.
b. Explain how a natural scientist would go about collecting evidence to support or refute the hypothesis you formulated. In other words, what
would the next steps be if a natural scientist were to continue researching your hypothesis? Make sure to support your response with the
natural science resources that you selected.
IV. Provide a reference list that includes all of the science resources you used to investigate your issue and question so far. Apply feedback from your
instructor to ensure that your list is formatted according to current APA guidelines (or another format, with instructor permission).
Rubric
Guidelines for Submission: The second draft of your planning document should be 35 pages, double spaced, with 12-point Times New Roman font and one-
inch margins. You should use current APA guidelines (or another format approved by your instructor) for your citations and reference list.
Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (75%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Introduction: Issue Describes selected issue in natural
sciences and its significance
Describes selected issue in natural
sciences and its significance but with
gaps in detail or clarity
Does not describe selected issue in
natural sciences and its significance
5
Introduction: Science
Resources
Describes at least three relevant and
appropriate science resources that
could be used to investigate selected
issue
Describes at least three science
resources that could be used to
investigate selected issue but with gaps
in appropriateness, relevance, or detail
or is missing one or more sources
Does not describe science resources that
could be used to investigate selected
issue
10
Introduction: Specific
Question
Develops specific question related to
selected issue based on review of
science resources
Develops specific question related to
selected issue, but question is not
based on review of science resources
Does not develop specific question
related to selected issue
5
Body: Audience Identifies an audience that would be
interested in issue and question, citing
source(s)
Identifies an audience, but audience is
not appropriate for issue and question,
or there are gaps in citation
Does not identify an audience 10
Body: Message Describes how and why message can
be tailored to audience, providing
specific examples and citing source(s)
Describes how and why message can
be tailored to audience but with gaps
in examples or citation
Does not describe how and why message
can be tailored to audience
10
Critical Elements Proficient (100%) Needs Improvement (75%) Not Evident (0%) Value
Body: Identify Principle(s) Identifies natural science principle(s)
that apply to issue and question, citing
source(s)
Identifies natural science principle(s)
that apply to issue and question but
with gaps in accuracy or citation
Does not identify natural science
principle(s) that apply to issue and
question
10
Body: Explain Principle(s) Explains how identified principle(s)
apply to issue and question, citing
source(s)
Explains how identified principle(s)
apply to issue and question but with
gaps in detail, clarity, or citation
Does not explain how identified
principle(s) apply to issue and question
10
Conclusion: Hypothesis Formulates hypothesis that addresses
question based on investigation of
question
Formulates hypothesis that addresses
question, but hypothesis is not based
on investigation of question
Does not formulate hypothesis that
addresses question
15
Conclusion: Natural
Scientist
Explains how a natural scientist would
go about collecting evidence to support
or refute hypothesis
Explains how a natural scientist would
go about collecting evidence to support
or refute hypothesis, but explanation
has gaps in clarity, detail, or logic
Does not explain how a natural scientist
would go about collecting evidence to
support or refute hypothesis
15
Reference List Provides reference list that includes all
science resources used to investigate
issue and question, and list is
formatted according to current APA
guidelines
Provides reference list that includes all
science resources used to investigate
issue and question, but list has gaps in
adherence to current APA formatting
guidelines
Does not provide reference list that
includes all science resources used to
investigate issue and question
5
Articulation of Response Submission has no major errors related
to citations, grammar, spelling, syntax,
or organization
Submission has major errors related to
citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or
organization that negatively impact
readability and articulation of main
ideas
Submission has critical errors related to
citations, grammar, spelling, syntax, or
organization that prevent understanding
of ideas
5
Total 100% Running head: FINAL DRAFT
FINAL DRAFT 4
Final Draft
Instructor
Name
Course
Date
Introduction
Issue
Astrometry refers to a branch of astronomy that entails the measurement of the position and movement of the stars. Astrometry is important since the information obtained from astrometric measurements provides significant insights on the physical and kinematic origin the solar system and our galaxy. The history of astrometry dates back to 190 BC when Hipparchus discovered the precession of the earth. In this process he was also able to the brightness scale. Ptolemy who succeeded Hipparchus included a catalogue of about 1020 stars in his work, giving their brightness, location and movement.
The fundamental function of astrometry is providing reference frame to astronomers to report their observations. In addition, astrometry is important in the field of galactic astronomy, celestial mechanics and stellar dynamics. Astronomers use various techniques to identify stellar objects based on their movement. Astrometry is also important for keeping time. This branch has also been used to support the concept of extra solar planet detection. This is achieved by measuring the displacements caused by the planets in the apparent position of their parent star on the sky. Astrophysicistsuse astrometric measurementsto constrain certain celestial mechanic models.
Science Sources
Bendek, E., Marley, M., Shao, M., Guyon, O., Belikov, R., & Tuthill, P. (2018). The value of astrometry for exoplanet science.arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.04642. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.04642
This article explains the importance of astrometry. The authors weigh in the scientific potential for astrometry. This article contains significant insights concerning why the world is continuously expanding. When choosing this article I was looking for a source that would provide critical information concerning my topic. This source is well aligned with the topic hence it was selected.
Gupta, R. P. (2019). Varying physical constants, astrometric anomalies, redshift and Hubble units.Galaxies,7(2), 55. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/7/2/55
The author presents a detailed discussion about a wide range of issues associated with astronomy. One of the main issues discussed in the articles is the concept of continuously expanding universe. This article provides significant insights concerning the continuously expanding world. As a result, it was easy to identify as it presents the contents required for the present topic.
Gupta, R. P. (2019). Astrometric solar-system anomalies and evolutionary physical constants. Retrieved from https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201904.0121/v1
The author focuses on the concept of universe expansion. The author attempts to address solar system anomalies using the speed of light band gravitational constant bin the Einsteins field equation. This article contains significant insights concerning why the world is continuously expanding. When choosing this article I was looking for a source that would provide critical information concerning my topic. This source is well aligned with the topic hence it was selected.
Specific Question
Based on the review of the above science resources, the following research question was developed;
Why do Astronomers believe that the world is continuously expanding? How did they come to this conclusion?
Body
Audience
The audience that would be much interested in the issue of universe expansion is students pursuing astronomy courses. Such students are eager to learn more about the importance of astrometry and the various techniques used by astronomers to determine the speed, lightness and movements of stars.
Message
Scientific terminologies will be used to explain this concept to the audience because they have basic knowledge concerning astronomy. However, terminologies that are difficult to understand will be explained in details. I will communicate effectively to the audience by using easy-to-understand language and making the message short and concise. I will also try to be as honest as possible with my audience.
Identification of Principles
The principle that applies to the identified question is; without knowing the distances to planets, satellites, stars, and galaxies, no correct understanding of the cosmos in which we live can be achieved (Gupta, 2019).
Explanation of Principles
This principle is closely related to the issue addressed in this paper. The principle suggests that it is not possible to understand our own planet if we do not know the distance to stars planets and satellites. In this particular issue, we cannot be able to understand why the world is expanding continuously without first determining the distance between the earth and the celestial objects.
References
Bendek, E., Marley, M., Shao, M., Guyon, O., Belikov, R., & Tuthill, P. (2018). The value of astrometry for exoplanet science.arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.04642. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.04642
Gupta, R. P. (2019). Varying physical constants, astrometric anomalies, redshift and Hubble units.Galaxies,7(2), 55. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/7/2/55
Gupta, R. P. (2019). Astrometric solar-system anomalies and evolutionary physical constants. Retrieved from https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201904.0121/v1 RUNNING HEAD: ASTROMETRY 1
ASTROMETRY 2
Astrometry
Students Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Astrometry is the science of measuring the precise position of stars and monitoring their movements such as periodic shifts and any wobble at the stars’ positions. The specialists for the measurement of stars are referred to as astronomers, and they use a variety of techniques to track different earth objects. To find planetary items or to measure the distances of the stars, astronomers usually use telescopes or large area cameras, which are used to take clear pictures at various determined intervals (Penoyre, et al, 2020).
Then they study these images and detect solar system objects using their movements around the background of the stars because they are stagnant. Suppose any activity is observed per unit time. In that case, the astronomers look at the parallax, which could be caused by the earth movement during this time and consequently, the heliocentric distance to this object is calculated (Deller, et al, 2019). With the photographs’ help taken over a set period, and the calculations are done on the object, any unusual movement is obtained.
Astrometry is the earliest method that was used for the search of extrasolar planets. It is a very effective method because it can be applied to many stars, unlike photometry. Astrometric is significant because its measurements are used in the constrain of specific models in celestial mechanics. Besides, this technique is useful in other areas, such as galactic astronomy and stellar dynamics. It is also essential in the cosmic distance ladder because it is used to establish the parallax distance for the stars found in a milky way.
References
Deller, A. T., Goss, W. M., Brisken, W. F., Chatterjee, S., Cordes, J. M., Janssen, G. H., … & Lyne, A. (2019). Microarcsecond VLBI pulsar astrometry with PSR II. Parallax distances for 57 pulsars. The Astrophysical Journal, 875(2), 100. Retrieved from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ab11c7/meta
Penoyre, Z., Belokurov, V., Wyn Evans, N., Everall, A., & Koposov, S. E. (2020). Binary deviations from single object astrometry. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 495(1), 321-337. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article- abstract/495/1/321/5828731
