30.wk1disres1/2
JtT
Jane, so this is a discussion response. So it doesnt need to be long. 2-3 paragraphs with 2 sources. I will post two separate posts and respond to each of them. You can choose if you agree or disagree. It doesnt matter. Thanks!
Respond to two colleagues in one of the following ways:
1.If your colleagues posts influenced your understanding of these concepts, be sure to share how and why. Include additional insights you gained.
2.If you think your colleagues might have misunderstood these concepts, offer your alternative perspective and be sure to provide an explanation for them. Include resources to support your perspective.
First Post (JeanS)
Neurotransmitters are chemicals across the brain in between spaces called synapes that transmits signals to the neurons (Tennison, 2019).
As health care provider understand the psychopharmacology of drug and how they reach their targets brain. pharmacokinetics refers to how the drug moves throughout the body, for example, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. As well as, pharmacodynamics is how the body uses the drug that is the effect of the drug on the body (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2018). Neurotransmitters are chemicals across the brain in between spaces called synapes that transmits signals to the neurons.
-The agonist to antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents:
Drug effects are classified as either agonist or antagonist effects. Agonists are drugs that increase the effect of neurotransmitter . An agonist drug can mimic the effects of the neurotransmitter at the receptor itself, or it might stimulate the release of a neurotransmitter or prolong its effectiveness by preventing the neurons normal process of eliminating the neurotransmitter once it is used. Because all these potential effects would ultimately enhance the function of the neurotransmitter, they would all be classified as agonist effects. Antagonist effects decrease the functioning of the neurotransmitter. Antagonist effects work by blocking receptor proteins or preventing the storage of neurotransmitters (Tennison, 2019). Most of the drugs used in the treatment of psychological disorders are not prone to abuse, a broad range of other drugs with differing therapeutic purposes and different synaptic functions are. In substance dependence, the effects that a drug produces change across time in two ways. First, tolerance and withdrawal could happen. Second, substance dependence is described by loss of control over use of the substance (Tennison, 2019).
-Example of Situation
Antidepressants are often used to treat patient with depression. The elderly population should be monitored carefully due to physiological and metabolic changes in the body that can affect the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Elderly patient is at risk for drug interactions due to polypharmacy. According to the study antidepressant groups (SSRI, TCA, SSNRI, 2-antagonist, SNRI, MAO-inhibitor was used. About 50% of the elderly with major depressive disorder treated with antidepressants improved in symptoms (Gutsmiedl et al., 2020).
References
Katharina Gutsmiedl, Marc Krause, Irene Bighelli, Johannes Schneider-Thoma, & Stefan Leucht. (2020). How well do elderly patients with major depressive disorder respond to antidepressants: a systematic review and single-group meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 112. https://do iorg.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02514-2
Rosenthal, L. D., & Burchum, J. R. (2018). Lehnes pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice providers. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Tennison, L. R. (2019). Psychopharmacology. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health.
Second Post (AnaK)
The agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents
Pharmacological agents induce their agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action on receptors, hence there is a need to understand what receptors are. Receptors denote certain proteins found either in the cellular cytoplasm or cell membrane. There is a particular class of drugs or ligands (endogenous substances) that can bind to each of the receptors to produce a pharmacologic action. The outer part of cells has many receptors (Mijares, Lebesgue, Wallukat & Hoebeke, 2018). Regardless of this, certain medications act on intracellular cells such as corticosteroids. This medication takes effect on thiazolidinedione and cytoplasmic receptors whose chief function is to stimulate gamma receptors actuated by peroxisome. Gamma receptors are located in the cell and they play a role in gene expression. They mostly impact genes that contribute to breaking down lipids and those playing a role in insulin sensitivity.
Agonists are ligands that bind receptors and induce an appropriate effect referred to agonists. There are many types of receptors, including -adrenoceptor agonists such as catecholamine adrenaline. After binding to -adrenoceptors within the heart, it leads to an increase in the heartbeat. Antagonists refer to ligands that block an agonist from attaching to a receptor preventing its action in the process. It should be understood that there is no pharmacologic effect induced by antagonists on receptors (Mijares, Lebesgue, Wallukat & Hoebeke, 2018).
Comparative analysis of the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels
Ion gated channels are openings that form after ligand attachment, and the formation is facilitated by the presence of hydrophilic channels and cell surface regions that can span membranes (Yudin & Rohacs, 2019). The channel allows the ions to pass through the membrane without touching the water-hating region of the
phospholipid bilayer
. In case a ligand attaches to the outer part of the channel, the structure of the protein is modified in a manner that certain ions are allowed to cross. In particular situations, it happens vice versa; the channel is normally open but closes after ligand binding. The activity of other cells can be impaired by the instability of cell ions which may include ion-binding enzymes to initiate a response. Yudin & Rohacs, (2019) indicated that there exist ligand-gated channels attached to neurons and neurotransmitters.
Concerning g couple proteins, they are a cluster of receptors defined by equivalent structure and signaling located on the surface of the cell. All GPCR members have 7 diverse segments of a protein referred to as G protein. GPCRs vary and attach to various ligand types (Yudin & Rohacs, 2019). Odorant (scent) receptors are a particular group of GPCRs. There are more than 800 million GPCRs in human beings, and each binds to a particular scent module, for example, a specific chemical in cosmetic products or a particular compound discharged by a rotting fish that result in sending of a signal into the brain, leading to us smelling a smell.
The role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action
Epigenetics denote the study of changes influencing phenotypes without modifying them. Burkhart, Sharma & Ahuja (2018) indicate that it involves alterations of the cell structure which does not interfere with the DNA sequence. Epigenetic knowledge is useful in different biomedicine fields, examples including cloning and gene therapy. It is now understood that besides genetic disorders, epigenetic defects can likewise cause illness. The area of epigenetics has led to the discovery of new medications, and its relevance is ever increasing as part of toxicology testing when drugs are being developed. This review will reflect upon epigenetic therapy and the role of medications in correcting epigenetic defects.
With the latest advancement in the comprehension of the real function of the whole genome, pharmacology needs to further modify itself to contemplate combating diseases from the perspective of global-response rather than the drug-receptive. Medications may not be devised to be particular to a specific ligand or particular to a specific subtype of a protein or gene, they may have been designed to act broadly over a spectrum of large-scale epigenetic events (Burkhart, Sharma & Ahuja, 2018). The large-scale mechanism of regulating epigenetic events can span no less than one gene or a group of proteins, they can control a family of genes. Of more significance, the benefits associated with this approach is the in most cases, the epigenetic differences could be the primary cause of some diseases, and by targeting a single protein of the many channels included my not be successful. Illness like cancer normally has diverse mutation differences challenging to detect, project and treat effectively, prompting relapse.
Epigenetic therapy, the application of medications to manage epigenetic disorders, is a new and fastly advancing field in pharmacology. Epigenetic therapy is a significant kind of therapy since epigenetic disorders, in comparison to genetic disorders, can be reversible with pharmacological treatment.
How the information impacts the way medications are prescribed to clients
Epigenetics facilitates better comprehension of the human genome, the understanding of the entire human DNA structure and how other genes can modify or alter genes. The study of epigenetics contributes to our understanding of addiction and illustrates how liquor consumption and substance use can impact brain cells. According to Burkhart, Sharma & Ahuja (2018), it helps understand the impact of addiction on the expression of genes and also the potential risks associated with addiction. Epigenetic change takes place routinely and they occur naturally. The changes are influenced by various factors such as environment, age, way of life, and the state of the disease. The role of the environment on epigenetic changes has drawn much attention. Hence, I will prescribe medications taking into account age, way of life, and genetic composition. Moreover, other than the use of drugs, individuals can demonstrate direct control over their genome by making dietary changes or exposure to particular chemicals.
References
Burkhart, R., Sharma, A. R., & Ahuja, N. (2018). Epigenetic pharmacology. In Pancreatic Cancer (pp. 1551-1575). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7193-0_69.
Mijares, A., Lebesgue, D., Wallukat, G., & Hoebeke, J. (2018). From agonist to antagonist: Fab fragments of an agonist-like monoclonal anti-2-adrenoceptor antibody behave as antagonists. Molecular pharmacology, 58(2), 373-379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.58.2.373.
Yudin, Y., & Rohacs, T. (2019). The G protein biased agents PZM21 and TRV130 are partial agonists of opioid receptor mediated signaling to ion channels. British journal of pharmacology, 6(3), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14702.
