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Income Disparity and Public Transportation in the Greater Toronto Area
Rough draft of ideas
Atul Upadhyay
University of Arlington.
April 14, 2023
Income Disparity and Public Transportation in the Greater Toronto Area
The impact of income disparity on public transportation in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is a significant concern. Lower-income communities frequently face barriers to affordable and reliable public transit, affecting mobility, employment prospects, and overall well-being. Higher-income communities may have better access to transportation options, giving them more mobility and convenience. This comparison will examine access, affordability, dependence, quality, transportation deserts, employment opportunities, health, and environmental impacts of public transportation in the GTA. Understanding these differences can shed light on the transportation-related inequalities that lower-income communities face and highlight the importance of addressing income disparities and improving public transportation options for all GTA residents.
Access to Public Transportation: Lower-income communities in the GTA frequently face difficulties accessing public transportation due to a lack of convenient routes and limited transportation options. They may have to rely on infrequent bus services or live far from subway stations, making commuting to work or accessing essential services difficult. Higher-income communities, on the other hand, typically have better access to public transportation, with more frequent and convenient options, such as subways and express buses, providing greater mobility and accessibility.
Affordability of Public Transportation: Lower-income communities in the GTA may struggle with public transportation affordability. High fares and monthly passes can be a significant financial burden for low-income individuals and families, making it difficult for them to use public transportation regularly. On the other hand, higher-income communities may find it more affordable to use public transportation because they have more disposable income to cover the costs of fares and passes.
Transportation as a Barrier to Employment: Transportation may be a barrier to employment in lower-income communities in the GTA. Limited access to public transportation or a lack of affordable transportation options may make commuting to work or accessing job opportunities difficult, resulting in reduced employment prospects and economic mobility. Higher-income communities, on the other hand, may have more reliable transportation options, allowing them to commute to work more efficiently and access a broader range of job opportunities.
In the Greater Toronto Area, there are significant differences in access, affordability, reliance, quality, and impacts of public transportation between lower and higher-income communities. Lower-income communities frequently face barriers to accessing and affording public transportation, affecting mobility, employment prospects, and overall well-being. Addressing income disparities and improving public transportation options in low-income communities can help to reduce transportation inequalities and improve the quality of life for residents. FINAL RESEARCH PAPER
The class’s primary requirement is a single teaching case study, policy paper, or research case.
Your final paper should be about 4000-6000 words (approximately 12-15 pages, including graphics, tables, etc.). It should include the following components:
Title,
Abstract (150-word summary)
Literature review
Case Study
Description of the City/Community/Case Study
Mobility Assessment (Challenges of Transportation Infrastructure)
Equity Assessment (burdens of low-income/informal commuters)
Sustainable Transportation Proposals
References.
Please use a referencing style for in-text citations and bibliography (APA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago).
The topic is
Income Disparity and Public Transportation in the Greater Toronto Area
Please look at the first research proposal that was written and the draft on research points paper (you have written both of those), elaborate on those points with hardcore evidence. Compare and contrast a lot with how it affects lower income communities vs upper and middle class.
Please also look at the presentation that you created to add those ideas to the paper. Running Head: INCOME DISPARITY AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN THE GREATER TORONTO AREA
INCOME DISPARITY AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN THE GREATER TORONTO AREA 2
Atul Upadhyay
University of Texas at Arlington
Student ID: 1002111800
Student Email: [emailprotected]
Course Details: Plan 5327/4395
Green Cities & Transportation
Prof. Ariadna Reyes-Sanchez (She/Her)
Research Project Proposal
Feb 24, 2023
Income Disparity and Public Transportation in the Greater Toronto Area
Research Objectives
General Objective
This research explores the relationship between income disparity and public transportation in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). This research examines how income inequality affects people’s ability to access reliable and affordable public transportation, an essential aspect of social and economic mobility. The study will examine the factors contributing to income inequality in Toronto and how they affect public transportation use, such as housing affordability, job opportunities, and city planning policies. The research will contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence public transportation use and how this can be improved to create more equitable and sustainable transportation systems by examining this relationship.
Specific Case Study
The specific case study for this project is the GTA, a highly diverse region home to nearly 7 million people. Despite its economic success, the region struggles with high levels of income inequality, which can significantly impact access to public transportation. The study will analyze how income inequality affects access to public transportation in the city and its impact on economic and social outcomes. The study will specifically investigate how income levels affect public transportation use, including factors such as frequency of use, mode of transportation, and travel time. The study will also examine how public transportation infrastructure, such as bus and subway routes, is distributed throughout the city and how this affects access for low-income residents. This studys findings will help address income disparities and improve public transportation in Toronto, ultimately contributing to a more equitable and sustainable urban environment.
Research Question: How can the GTA’s public transportation be improved to reduce income inequality and better serve low-income communities?
Literature Sources/References
1.
Relevant sources to explore what we know about income disparity and public transportation:
Barri, E. Y., Farber, S., Kramer, A., Jahanshahi, H., Allen, J., & Beyazit, E. (2021). Can transit investments in low-income neighbourhoods increase transit use? Exploring the nexus of income, car-ownership, and transit accessibility in Toronto.
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,
95, 102849.
Buliung, R. N., Mitra, R., & Faulkner, G. (2009). Active school transportation in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada: an exploration of trends in space and time (19862006).
Preventive medicine,
48(6), 507-512.
Foth, N., Manaugh, K., & El-Geneidy, A. M. (2013). Towards equitable transit: examining transit accessibility and social need in Toronto, Canada, 19962006.
Journal of transport geography,
29, 1-10.
Hulchanski, J. D. (2010). The three cities within Toronto.
Toronto: Cities Centre.
Young, M., Allen, J., & Farber, S. (2020). Measuring when Uber behaves as a substitute or supplement to transit: An examination of travel-time differences in Toronto.
Journal of Transport Geography,
82, 102629.
2.
Relevant sources to exploreexamples of sustainable transportinitiatives in other contexts:
Balaban, O., & Puppim de Oliveira, J. A. (2022). Finding sustainable mobility solutions for shrinking cities: the case of Toyama and Kanazawa.
Journal of Place Management and Development,
15(1), 20-39.
Banister, D., & Hickman, R. (2013). Transport futures: Thinking the unthinkable.
Transport Policy,
29, 283-293.
Gudmundsson, H., Hall, R. P., Marsden, G., & Zietsman, J. (2016). Sustainable transportation.
Heidelberg, Germany and Frederiksberg, Denmark, Spreinger-Verlag and Samfundslitteratur.
Yusoff, I., Ng, B. K., & Azizan, S. A. (2021). Towards sustainable transport policy framework: A rail-based transit system in Klang Valley, Malaysia.
PloS one,
16(3), e0248519. Public Transportation and Income Disparity in Greater Toronto Area
Atul Upadhyay
University of Texas at Arlington
2232 PLAN 5327 -001
Prof. Ariadna Reyes-Sanchez
April 28th, 2023
Introduction
Access to reliable and affordable transportation is critical for social and economic mobility.
Public transportation is essential in providing access to education, jobs, healthcare, and other necessary services in urban areas.
Income disparity can substantially impact low-income residents’ ability to use transportation systems, leading to social and economic isolation.
The GTA suffers from significant levels of income inequality.
The income gap can substantially influence public transportation access, especially for low-income individuals who may be unable to purchase a personal vehicle.
Limited public transportation options can increase commuting time, reduce job opportunities, and lead to poor health outcomes.
Examining the relationship between income disparity and public transportation access can provide insight into addressing transportation inequities and promoting social and economic mobility.
Access to reliable and affordable transportation is critical for social and economic mobility. Public transportation plays an essential role in providing access to education, jobs, healthcare, and other necessary services in urban areas such as the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). However, income disparity can have a substantial impact on low-income residents’ability to use transportation systems, leading to social and economic isolation (Lu et al., 2022). Despite its economic success, the GTA suffers from significant levels of income inequality. This gap can have a substantial influence on public transportation access, especially for low-income individuals who may be unable to purchase a personal vehicle.
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Case Study: The GTA
GTA is the most populated urban area in Canada with a population of 6.4 million people
The region is made up of four municipalities: Toronto, York, Peel, and Durham, and spans 7,124 square kilometers.
GTA accounts for over 20% of Canada’s GDP and is a key economic hub.
However, the region suffers from high levels of income inequality.
The top 1% of income earners in Toronto make 18 times more than the lowest-income 10%.
Income disparity significantly impacts public transportation access, especially for low-income individuals who cannot afford personal vehicles
With a population of around 6.4 million people, the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is Canada’s most populated urban area. It is also a key economic hub, accounting for more than 20% of Canada’s GDP. The region is made up of four municipalities: Toronto, York, Peel, and Durham, and it spans 7,124 square kilometers. Despite its economic prosperity, the GTA has high levels of income inequality. According to Statistics Canada, the top 1% of income earners inToronto income earners make 18 times more than the lowest-income 10% (Chan & Farber, 2020). This disparitysignificantlyimpactspublic transportation access, particularly for low-income individuals who arenot be able to own a personal vehicle.
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Case Study: The GTA (Contd)
GTA has a complex transportation system with multiple providers including TTC, GO Transit, and private operators.
TTC is the largest provider of public transportation with buses, streetcars, and subways.
GO Transit offers commuter rail and bus services, while private operators provide charter services and intercity bus trips.
Despite the range of mobility options available, public transportation access in the GTA is limited, especially in low-income areas and locations with many renters.
Limited access to transportation can lead to social and economic isolation for those who cannot afford to buy a personal vehicle or use alternate modes of transportation
The GTA’s transportation system is complex, with multiple companies providing various services. The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC)is the region’s largest public transportation provider, running buses, streetcars, and subways (Bach, 2017). GO Transit, which offers commuter rail and bus services, and different private operators offer charter services and intercitybus trips are also available.Despite the range of mobility choices available, the region’s public transportation access remains severely limited. These disparities are frequently concentrated in low-income areas and locations with a large concentration of renters. Individuals who cannot afford to buy a personal vehicle or use alternate modes of transportation may experience social and economic isolation as a result.
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A Map for Toronto Transportation
This is a map that shows the link between transportation and opportunity in the city of Toronto. The maps demonstrate that car owners have greater access to job opportunities, leaving those without cars with limited employment options. Those without cars living in the downtown core or along the subway line can access 30% of car owners’ jobs, which significantly drops as one moves further away from the city center.
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Challenges of Mobility and Transportation
Housing affordability is a challenge for low-income residents in the GTA.
Toronto’s housing market is among the least affordable in Canada.
Many households spend more than 30% of their income on housing costs.
Low-income individuals may struggle to afford housing near transportation nodes or in areas with access to frequent public transportation.
They may be forced to live farther away from public transportation.
This makes it harder for them to access necessary services and job opportunities
Housing affordability is a major challenge for low-income residents in the GTA, affecting their access to public transportation. According to a 2020 study by the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Toronto’s housing market is among the least affordable in Canada, with many households spending more than 30% of their income on housing costs (Pinki, 2019). This makes it difficult for low-income individuals to afford housing near transportation nodes or in areas with access to frequent public transportation. As a result, they may be forced to live farther away from public transportation, making it harder for them to access necessary services and job opportunities.
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Challenges of Mobility and Transportation (Contd)
Limited job opportunities impact public transportation access in the GTA for low-income individuals.
City planning policies that prioritize car-oriented infrastructure limit the expansion of public transportation options in low-income areas.
Transit fares and affordability of transportation can be a challenge for low-income earners.
Limited job opportunities and city planning policies can also impact public transportation access in the GTA. Low-income individuals may struggle to find employment opportunities that are within close proximity to public transportation, making it harder for them to commute to work (Allen & Farber, 2020). Additionally, city planning policies that prioritize car-oriented infrastructure may limit the expansion of public transportation options in low-income areas, further exacerbating the problem. In addition, transit fares and affordability of transportation can be a challenge for low-income earners.
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Challenges of Mobility and Transportation (Contd)
The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated mobility and transportation challenges for low-income individuals in the GTA.
Physical distancing measures and reduced public transportation services made accessing necessary services and job opportunities difficult.
Alternative modes of transportation, such as walking or cycling, were used by many low-income individuals, which can be dangerous or impractical, especially in extreme weather conditions.
The pandemic highlighted the importance of reliable and safe public transportation options for essential workers and others who rely on public transportation to access necessary services.
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted additional challenges faced by low-income individuals in the GTA. Physical distancing measures and reduced public transportation services made it even more difficult for individuals to access necessary services and job opportunities (Lindsay & Ahmed, 2021). This forced many low-income individuals to turn to alternative modes of transportation, such as walking or cycling, which can be dangerous or impractical, especially in extreme weather conditions. The pandemic also highlighted the need for reliable and safe public transportation options to ensure that essential workers and others who rely on public transportation can continue to access necessary services.
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Sustainable Transportation Proposals
One sustainable transportation proposal to address mobility and transportation challenges in the GTA is expanding bus and subway routes in areas with limited public transportation access.
This proposal requires a significant investment in public transportation infrastructure but could lead to increased mobility and accessibility for low-income individuals.
Expanding public transportation routes could also reduce travel time for individuals who currently rely on multiple modes of transportation and increase job opportunities for low-income residents.
This proposal could also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging individuals to use public transportation instead of personal vehicles.
To address the challenges of mobility and transportation in the GTA, sustainable transportation proposals need to be implemented. One proposal is to expand bus and subway routes in areas with limited public transportation access. This would require a significant investment in public transportation infrastructure, but it could lead to increased mobility and accessibility for low-income individuals. The expansion of bus and subway routes would also improve connectivity and reduce travel time for individuals who currently rely on multiple modes of transportation to get to their destination (Barri et al., 2021). In addition, it could increase job opportunities for low-income residents by making it easier for them to commute to work. The expansion of public transportation routes could also lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging individuals to use public transportation instead of personal vehicles.
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Sustainable Transportation Proposals (Contd)
Improving the frequency and reliability of public transportation services in low-income areas is another proposed solution to the challenges faced by low-income individuals in the GTA.
This could lead to reduced wait times and more reliable transportation, making it easier for low-income individuals to access necessary services and job opportunities.
Providing fare subsidies to low-income residents is also another proposal to make public transportation more affordable and accessible for low-income individuals.
A fare subsidy program could be funded through government subsidies and contributions from corporations.
These proposals aim to improve public transportation access and reduce social and economic isolation for low-income individuals in the GTA.
Another proposal is to improve the frequency and reliability of public transportation services in low-income areas. Currently, many low-income individuals experience long wait times and unreliable public transportation services. Improving the frequency and reliability of public transportation services would make it easier for low-income individuals to access necessary services and job opportunities, as well as improve their overall quality of life (Barri et al., 2021). Additionally, providing fare subsidies to low-income residents could make public transportation more affordable and accessible. This would ensure that low-income individuals are not priced out of public transportation options and are able to access necessary services and job opportunities. A fare subsidy program could be funded through a combination of government subsidies and contributions from corporations that benefit from a more mobile and accessible workforce.
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Conclusion
Housing affordability, limited job opportunities, and city planning policies are major factors affecting mobility and transportation challenges in the GTA, disproportionately affecting low-income individuals.
Sustainable transportation proposals, such as expanding bus and subway routes, improving the frequency and reliability of public transportation services, and providing fare subsidies to low-income residents, can address these challenges and improve the overall quality of life for low-income individuals.
The implementation of these proposals would require a significant investment in public transportation infrastructure, but it has the potential to increase mobility and accessibility for low-income individuals and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Policymakers should prioritize sustainable transportation options and work towards ensuring that all individuals have access to safe, reliable, and affordable public transportation. Addressing mobility and transportation challenges in the GTA requires a collaborative effort from government, corporations, and individuals to create a more equitable and sustainable transportation system.
The challenges of mobility and transportation in the Greater Toronto Area are complex and multifaceted, with low-income individuals disproportionately affected. Housing affordability, limited job opportunities, and city planning policies are just a few of the factors that contribute to the challenges faced by these individuals. However, there are sustainable transportation proposals that can be implemented to address these challenges, such as expanding bus and subway routes, improving the frequency and reliability of public transportation services, and providing fare subsidies to low-income residents. These proposals require a significant investment in public transportation infrastructure, but they have the potential to increase mobility and accessibility for low-income individuals and improve their overall quality of life. It is crucial that policymakers prioritize sustainable transportation options and work towards ensuring that all individuals have access to safe, reliable, and affordable public transportation.
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References
Allen, J., & Farber, S. (2020). Planning transport for social inclusion: An accessibility-activity participation approach.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,78, 102212.
Bach, M. (2017). Diversity and inclusion at the TTCToronto Transit Commission (TTC).
Barri, E. Y., Farber, S., Kramer, A., Jahanshahi, H., Allen, J., & Beyazit, E. (2021). Can transit investments in low-income neighbourhoods increase transit use? Exploring the nexus of income, car-ownership, and transit accessibility in Toronto.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,95, 102849.
Chan, K., & Farber, S. (2020). Factors underlying the connections between active transportation and public transit at commuter rail in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area.Transportation,47(5), 2157-2178.
Lindsay, S., & Ahmed, H. (2021). School and employment-related barriers for youth and young adults with and without a disability during the COVID-19 pandemic in the greater Toronto area.Adolescents,1(4), 442-460.
Lu, H., Zhao, P., Hu, H., Zeng, L., Wu, K. S., & Lv, D. (2022). Transport infrastructure and urban-rural income disparity: A municipal-level analysis in China.Journal of transport geography,99, 103292.
Pinki, D. B. (2019). Housing Affordability in Toronto: Low-Income Earners and Recent Immigrants.
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